Abstract
The incidence of venomous snakebites is high in rural areas where people are engaged in agricultural activities & are in the habit of sleeping on the floor. About 40,000 people die each year from venomous snake bites (worldwide).Death can be prevented if diagnosis & management is made early in the course. Thus a high degree of clinical suspicion, a timely diagnosis & management is life saving in these cases as it happened in this case report.
Acute onset of pain abdomen in previously healthy young male adults who were sleeping on the floor, without any history of bite, were successfully treated & cured based on high index of clinical suspicion with appropriate antivenom therapy.
Key words : Venomous snake bite , Clinical suspicion, Acute abdomen, Timely diagnosis & management
Introduction
Snakebite is common in rural areas. Venomous snakenites of the families like Elapidae (Cobra, Krait ) & Viperidae (Viper) are verycommon. Clinical symptoms & signs vary with the species of snake & the amount of envenocation. Fang marks , local swelling , echymosis, blistering , necrosis , are seen at the site of bite in viper bites. Bleeding & clotting disturbances, DICC, ARF , shock are also seen inm veperbites. (Krait ) local signs are absent & the neurotoxic symptoms mostly appear within 1-2hrs after the bite (15min.-15hrs). Blurring of vision , ptosis , dysphagia, Opthalmoplegia, paralysis of muscles of respiration, alteration of consciousness, coma, convulsion occur.
But a patient with a venomous snake bite presenting with features of Acute abdomen has not been reported in neurotoxic bites except in cases of viper & colubridae bites so far. Therefore acute pain abdomen with neurotoxic signs & symptoms should prompt one to suspect snake bite & to exclude other causes of Acute pain abdomen with neurological signs , so that appropriate therapy (ASV, Neostigmine) & supportive measures can be life sving.
Case report
(1) A young male adult about 26 years tushed in to the casualty O.P.D. in early morning with complaints of acute pain abdomen, vomiting , difficulty in deglutition for 6 hrs. Family History : Similar symptoms in his mother who died 1 month back. No other specific complaint was reported by his relatives except for some weakness & frothing from mouth. For this he was treated at Sundergarh district hospitas as a case of acute pancreatitis & was referred to V.S.S Medical College, Burla as patient deteriorated,. For further evaluation & management.
Examination revealed:
Average Body built, drowsy ptosis, frothing from mouth, Restlessness because of severe pin abdomen.
Pulse – 82/min, regular,
BP – 140/90 mmHg
R.R – 20/min, Thoracoabdominal type , No pallor, Icterus, Cyanosis, Lymphadenopathy
Chest – Clinically NAD
CVS – NAD
P/A – Revealed diffuse tenderness & rigid abdomen , No organomegaly.
Bowel sounds absent – No evidence of freefluid.
CNS – Conscious, drowsy, difficulty in speech & deglutition ( both liquied + solid ) bilateral ptosis was present
No sensory, motor deficit
No meningeal sign
Plantar ( B/L Flexor )
After about 5 min. of admission in the casualty O.P.D., Surgery consultation was done who excluded any surgical, cause of acute abdomen. Necessary investigations were done immediately , which revealed DC – N80 ,E1,L18,M1, TLC- 10,200/Cumm, HB % - 11.6gm %ESR-20mm,1st hr, BI.Urea-40 mg %Sr.Cr.-0.8mg%,Sr.Na+ -137m mol/L,Sr.K+=2.6M MOL/l,Sr.LIPASE- 180 I.U./L, Whole Blood Clotting test neg. , PT – N Sr. Amylase –27UL,St. X-ray Abnormal, U.S.G. Abd. – NAD , ECG – Normal except for the presence of U. waves due to hypokalemia, chest X- ray – NAD.
The patient was finally diagnosed provisionally basing on minimal Neurotoxic sogns & symptoms as a suspected case of neurotoxic snake bite & was treated with (150ml) i.e. 15 vials of Antisnake Venom (ASV), Inj. Atropine 0.6mg I.M. Followed by Inj. Neostigmine (0.5mg) I.V. every 30 minutes for 5 doses, and repeated at 6 hrly. Other supportive care included Nil orally. Throat suction, Broad spectrum antibiotics, I.V. fluids, Hydrocortisone, Symptomatic treatment of pain & vomiting. Hypokalemia was corrected by I.V. kc! Infusion.
With the above treatment after about 2 hours, the patient’s condition started improving gradually with dimunution of pain abdomen, disappearance of ptosis, dysphagia & the patient was symptom free after 2 days & was discharged from the hospital.
(2) Interestingly another young male of 21 years with definite history of Krait bite also presented after one month with the chief complaint of pain abdomen & on examination had features of neurotoxic signs & symptoms & improved with ASV, atropine, Neostigmine. This substantiates further the fact that acute pain abdomen may be a presenting symptoms in Neurotoxic (krait) bites.
Discussion:
Snake bite is common in rural areas. Agricultural workers, hunters, & people sleeping on the floor are at risk as are evident in these cases. History of snake bite may not be present in some cases especially those bitten by krait (Neurotoxic venomous snakes) & fang marks & local signs may not be present. Signs such as early morning ptosis, dysphagia & pain abdomen should prompt one to highly suspect snake bite (Neurotoxic) & to start treatment as early as possible for a good outcome.
A delay in clinical suspicion & diagnosis & thus institution of proper therapy would have proved fatal in the case like his mother who died one month back with similar symptoms without h/o snake bite & without antivemin therapy: could be due to same environment of snakebite.
Conclusion:
Acute abdomen like presentation in neurotoxic snake bites is not yet reported in literature. However this case report suggests that Acute abdomen can be a presentation of snake bite & high clinical suspicion & appropriate therapy may save life.
References:
1. Manson’s Tropical diseases – 20th Edition.
2. Hodge III D, Snake bites. In Emergency medicine Eds. May HL, Little Brown Company, Boston, 2nd Edition 1992, 925-928.
3. Reid H.A. Snake bite in tropics British Medical Journal, 1968 3 (614): 359-362.