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Feb17
HIV /AIDS : RARE PERSONS WHO NEVER SHOWS AIDS SYMPTOMS-LONG TIME NON RESPODERS(LNTPs) HAVING VIRUS & CONTACT WITH POSITIVE-THE REASON-WHY?
HIV /AIDS : RARE PERSONS WHO NEVER SHOWS AIDS SYMPTOMS-LONG TIME NON RESPODERS(LNTPs) HAVING VIRUS & CONTACT WITH POSITIVE-THE REASON-WHY?

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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Since,the earliest days of the HIV epidemic, scientists have regularly observed HIV-infected individuals who did not progress to AIDS and were able to maintain stable CD4 counts and low-to-undetectable viral loads without treatment,often for decades and even regular contact with hiv partners.These are about one in 500 and these are called LONG TERM NON RESPONDERS OR LNTPs,theirs study of Gene has given chance to produce a medicine called CCR5 inhibitor-class drug, Selzentry (maraviroc).
Stephen Crohn, "The Man Who Can't Catch AIDS"

Stephen Crohn, who was dubbed "The man who can't catch AIDS" by the U.K's Independent newspaper, was found to have had an anomaly called a "delta 32" mutation on CCR5 receptors of his CD4 cells, the mutation of which effectively prevents HIV from entering target immune cells. Crohn first came to the attention of Dr. Bill Paxton of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in 1996 after tests revealed no signs of infection despite having had multiple sexual partners, all of who died of AIDS. The mutation has since been identified in less than 1% of the population.
These can maintain high CD4/CD8 T cell counts for more than 15 to 20 years without the use of antiretroviral drugs. Within this group is a rarer subset called "elite controllers" who are able to sustain viral loads of less than 50 copies/mL throughout the course of infection. It is estimated that there are 1,500 elite controllers in the U.S.

In studying these groups since the mid-1990s, we have begun identify some of the mechanisms by which viremic control is achieved. Among the discoveries is a genetic mutation in the FUT2 gene, which has been found to occur in 10-20% of Europeans and is believed to confer a protective association against heterosexual HIV infection. The anomaly was first noted in 2000 among a group of female Senegalese sex workers who appeared to have an innate resistance to HIV.
A number of other genetic characteristics have since been identified in LTNPs, including one associated with the production of certain classes of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), known to exert control over HIV INFECTION.
CCR5-delta-32 mutation :
Timothy Ray Brown, also known as "the Berlin Patient," is the first person believed to have been "functionally cured" of HIV.Born in the U.S., Brown was given a bone marrow transplant in 2009 to treat his acute leukemia. Doctors at Charité Hospital in Berlin, Germany selected a stem cell donor with two copies of the CCR5-delta-32 mutation, known to confer to HIV resistance. Routine tests performed soon after the transplant revealed that the HIV antibodies had decreased to such as to suggest the complete eradication of the virus from his system.
While Brown continues to show no signs of HIV, two subsequent stem cell transplants conducted by doctors at Brigham and Women's Hospital failed to achieve similar results, with both patients experiencing viral rebound after 10 and 13 months of undetectable tests. These patients were not transplanted with the Delta 32 mutation, however.
Donor 45:
In 2010, a gay African American man known simply as "Donor 45" was found to possess a powerful HIV neutralizing antibody called VRC01 by researchers at the Vaccine Research Center of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).Subsequent research in 2011 identified two HIV-infected Africans with similar VRC01 antibodies.What was particularly compelling about the discovery was the fact that VRC01 is able to bind to 90% of all global strains of HIV, effectively blocking infection even as the virus mutates. Due the high genetic diversity of HIV, most defensive antibodies are unable to achieve this level of action.
The discovery helped broaden research into the stimulation of broadly neutralizing antibodies, which may one day prevent or slow disease progression without the use of antiretroviral drugs.


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Feb16
HIV /AIDS CAN THEY BIRTH TO NEGATIVE BABY ?-MODERN VIEWS AS PER CD4 COUNT AND VIRAL LOAD : MOTHER TO CHILD TRANS MISSION : BREAST FEEDING
HIV /AIDS CAN THEY BIRTH TO NEGATIVE BABY ?-MODERN VIEWS AS PER CD4 COUNT AND VIRAL LOAD : MOTHER TO CHILD TRANS MISSION : BREAST FEEDING

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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HIV /AIDS MANY COUPLES ASK ME QUESTION WHETHER THEY CAN PALN FOR PREGNANCY AND IF PREGNANCY TAKEN THEN THEIR CHANCE OF GETTING NEGATIVE BABY AS NO ONE WANTS THEIR CHILD IS POSITIVE.
MODERN ARV MEDICINES ARE LESS TOXIC AND IT IS RULE THT ONCE A MOTHER EITHER DETECTED DURING PREGNANCY OR LABOR HIV ARV SHOULD BE STARTED ONCE SHE IS POSITIVE IF HER VIRRAL LOAD IS HIGH OR CD4 COUNT IS LOW AND HER PARTNER IS ALSO HIV POSITIVE HER CHANCE OF GETTING POSITIVE CHILD IS VERY HIGH.
BUT IF HER VIRAL LOAD IS LOW BELOW 50-100 OR EVEN 1000 COPIES /ML OF BLOOD AND CD4 COUNT ABOVE 500 THEN CHANCE OF GETTING BABY NEGATIVE IS VERY HIFH AND SHE SHOULD BE STRICTLY ON MULTIPLE DRUG HAART OR ARV MEDICINES AS ARV ONCE STOPPED VIRAL LOAD RAISES VERY HIGH IN NO TIME
BUT IT IS NOT 100% TRUE ALSO EVEN AT ANY CD4 COUNT LEVEL OR ANY VIRAL LOAD SHE MAY GIVE BIRTH TO POSITIVE BABY BUT PERCENTAGE WISE SUCH CASES ARE MINIMAL.
SO IF PLANNING FOR PREGNANCY IF BOTH HUSBAND WIFE POSITIVE THEN BOTH SHOULD TAKE ARV MAKE VIRAL LOAD VERY LOW OR ONE POSITIVE IF FEMALE THEN SHE HAS TO MAKE VIRAL LOAD MINIMAL OR VICE VERSA AND SUCH COUPLES ALLOWED SEX USUALLY WITH CONDOM HOW MUCH LESS MAY BE VIRAL LOAD BUT ONCE -OR TWICE SEX ALLOWED WITHOUT CONDOM TO HAVE PREGNANCY BUT AFTER CONCEPTION AGAIN CONDOM HAS TO BE USED.
EVEN AFTER BIRTH IF CHILD NEGATIVE AS DETECTED BY -24 ANTIGEN OR PCR VIRAL LOAD THEN CHILD MAY BE ON PROPHYLACTIC ARV MEDICINES OR AVOID BREAST MIL OR DRINK BOILED MILK FROM MOTHER AS BREAST MILK CAN SPREAD HIV SAME WAY OTHER CONTACTS WHERE CHILD BLOOD MIXED WITH MOTHER BLOOD SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
SO NOW HIV PERSONS CAN PLAN PREGNANCY EASILY AND HAVE A NEGATIVE CHILDREN WITH REGULAR MEDICINES AND LOW VIRAL LOAD


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Feb16
HIV /AIDS VIRAL LOAD AND HIV TRANSMISSION RISK
HIV /AIDS VIRAL LOAD AND HIV TRANSMISSION RISK

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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HIV /AIDS IS CONTROLLED BY GOOD ARV OR ANTI RETROVIRAL MEDICINES AND AS WE START TTAKING MEDICINES REGULARLY WE FIND THAT OUR HIV QUANTITY IN OUR BODY IS DIMINISHED OR OUR VIRAL LOAD BECOMES LESS AND IT IS BELOW 50COPIES/ML OF BLOOD WE ASSUME THAT OUR VIRUS IN BODY IS VERY LESS AND NOW EVEN IF WE MEET OUR SEX PARTNER WITHOUT CONDOM RISK OF TRANSMISSION TO HIV NEGATIVE PARTNER IS MINIMAL BUT RISK BY BLOOD MIXING IS STILL IN GOOD PERCENTAGE.SO FOR HAVING CHILDREN SEX MAY BE ALLOWED ONCE OR TWICE WITHOUT CONDOM IN SERODISCORDANT (ONEPOSITIVE ANOTHER NEGATIVE) OR BOTH POSITIVES IF BOTH HAVE MINIMAL VIRAL LOAD BUT NOT MUCH SEX WITHOUT CONDOM ALLOWED AS IN BOTH POSITIVE TWO VARIETY OF HIV VIRUS OR GENOYPE MIX AND MAY CAUSE IT RESISTANT TO DRUG IN ONE PARTNER.
HOW MUCH TRUE IS ABOVE STATEMENT IS DEFINED BY STUDY DONE BELOW.
A January 2008 statement by the Swiss Federal AIDS Commission sparked considerable controversy, suggesting that HIV positive individuals on antiretroviral therapy who are fully adherent, maintain an undetectable viral load (below 40 copies/mL) for at least six months, and have no concurrent sexually transmitted infections are "not sexually infectious" (at least via heterosexual vaginal intercourse).

At the Mexico City conference, commission president Pietro Vernazza maintained that under the specific circumstances described, unprotected sex with a person with undetectable viral load carried a risk similar to that of sex using a condom: not 100% safe, but within a "comfortable range." But the risk is not non-existent, given that people on effective therapy may experience occasional transient viral load increases, or "blips," and that HIV may be present in genital and anal secretions even if it is undetectable in the blood.

As described in the July 26, 2008, issue of The Lancet, Australian researchers used a mathematical model to quantify the small transmission risk under the circumstances described in the Swiss statement. Assuming that each couple engaged in 100 sexual acts per year, they calculated the cumulative annual probability of transmission as .22% for female-to-male transmission, .43% for male-to-female transmission, and 4.3% for male-to-male transmission. In a population of 10,000 serodiscordant couples, this would translate to 215 expected instances of female-to-male transmission, 425 instance of male-to-female transmission, and 3,524 instances of male-to-male transmissionabout four times greater than the risk when using condoms.

"Although we agree that effective antiretroviral treatment which leads to undetectable viral load is likely to have a substantial effect on reducing infectiousness," the researchers concluded, "our analyses suggest that it should not replace condoms."


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Feb16
NAMA, NAMASMARAN AND TOTAL STRESS MANAGEMENT (PART 3) DR SHRINIWAS J. KASHALIKAR
NAMA, NAMASMARAN AND TOTAL STRESS MANAGEMENT (PART 3) DR SHRINIWAS J. KASHALIKAR
Student: This was apparently because; you were still superficial. You had not gone to the depths. Oh! Do you think I am also superficial at present?
Teacher: Don’t feel bad! But it is natural to be superficial initially!
It is only later; that I began to get disturbed by poverty; and other miseries in the society; born out of it; besides of course; my own needs and wants, which were increasing as I was growing. Hence there was growing urge to help others; apart from petty pursuits!
I began to study and follow wherever feasible; the teachings of different thinkers and visionaries; in different fields of life; in addition to the curricular texts; so as to improve myself.
Around this time I also came across NAMASMARAN. But it appeared gullible or callous to me; to simply advocate NAMASMARAN for every problem, instead of actively helping the suffering people! Hence I found that one of the simplest, easiest and practical things; to improve myself was to try and be charitable.
Student: You must have tried it!
Teacher: Yes! I did. But through my experiences and observations over years; I found; that even as charity was necessary; as an immediate rescue and relief activity; on the long term basis; it proved to be insufficient; and at best; a palliative symptomatic treatment. It could not be a radical treatment of the root cause.
Student: Can you clarify? At least apparently; the charity in any form; is a very noble activity. It has a healing effect. It gives solace to millions.
Teacher: I will clarify what I mean. Charity is always nobler; as and when compared with total inaction, self centeredness, petty selfishness, profiteering or meanness. Charity does help in emergency situations. It is extremely valuable as a rehabilitatory activity. Moreover; it is also important in terms of satisfying our own innate need to help others! Actually in absence of charity all of us get suffocated, though most often we are not aware of this deep rooted suffocation due to being cut off from our own conscience!
But the reason I felt unsatisfied with charity; was because; barring emergency situations; often it was found to be misused. It led to perpetuation of irresponsibility, dependency, lethargy and parasitic tendencies; in those who were beneficiaries and it developed condescending attitude, arrogance; and even cheating and unabated exploitative behavior in those who practiced charity. Through introspection I found that charity did not eliminate the evils within me; whether I was a helping person or a helped one!


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Feb15
HIV REMAINS CONCENTRATED AMONG GAY & FSW POPULATIONS AND IN CITIES
HIV REMAINS CONCENTRATED AMONG GAY & FSW POPULATIONS AND IN CITIES

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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The fastest-growing epidemics in the region OF ASIA ANDAFRICA AND EVEN IN HISPANIC AND SOUTH AERICA are among men who have sex with men; these epidemics are typically concentrated in major cities. Estimates based on country information IN FEW ASIAN COUNTRIES indicate that the regional population of men who have sex with men who are at risk of HIV infection ranges from 10.5–27 million. HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men is more than 10% in at least 10 major urban centres. 3 For example, the national prevalence for men who have sex with men in Thailand is estimated to be 7.1%; in Bangkok, levels are estimated to be 24.7%.
An estimated 3–4 million people living in Asia inject drugs. In three countries with expanding epidemics — Indonesia, Pakistan and the Philippines — injecting drug use has been a significant factor in the spread of HIV. In 2012, HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs was 36.4% in Indonesia, 27.2% in Pakistan and 13.6% in the Philippines. 5

National trends sometimes mask significant geographical variations in HIV prevalence among injecting drug users. In the Philippine province of Cebu, prevalence among people who inject drugs was estimated at 53.8% in 2011 compared with 13.6% nationally. 6 In the province of Thai Nguyen in Viet Nam, the prevalence among this group was reported to be 38.8% in 2012, compared with national prevalence of 11.6%. 7

There has been progress in reducing new HIV infections among female sex workers across the region. National prevalence has declined in the early epidemics of Cambodia, India, Myanmar and Thailand, and has been kept low in some countries including China, Nepal and the Philippines.

Nevertheless, challenges remain. Based on a global systematic review in low- and middle-income countries, the burden of HIV infection was disproportionately high among female sex workers, who are 13.5 times more likely to acquire HIV than the rest of the adult female population. The highest was observed among female sex workers in Asia and the Pacific, with a 29-fold increase in odds of living with HIV compared with all women of reproductive age. 8

As observed with other key populations, there are geographical areas with higher HIV prevalence — for example Hanoi, where prevalence among female sex workers was 22.5% in 2012 9 or Jayawijaya, Indonesia, 10 with 25% prevalence the same year. Even when national HIV prevalence trends among female sex workers have declined, for example in India and Myanmar, there are specific high-prevalence areas; 22% of female sex workers surveyed in Mumbai, India, and 15% surveyed in Pathein, Myanmar, were living with HIV. 11, 12

Data on male and transgender sex workers are scarce, but where available demonstrate high HIV prevalence. For example, 18% of surveyed male sex workers in Indonesia and Thailand tested HIV-positive, 13 as did 31% of transgender (waria) sex workers in Jakarta 14 and 19% in Maharashtra. 15 This underscores both the need for better data regarding male and transgender sex workers and for HIV programmes that address the needs of female, male and transgender sex workers.

Clients of sex workers are the largest population at risk of HIV infection in Asia and the Pacific. According to population-based surveys, 0.5% 16 –15% 17 of men in the region bought sex in the previous year. This population’s risk behaviour determines the extent of the spread of HIV, but there are limited data available on prevalence trends among clients of sex workers, and they are underserved by current HIV programmes. This emphasizes the need for more prevention efforts among key populations and reaching the female partners of men at higher risk both through key population programming and mainstreaming sexual and reproductive health services.

While evidence indicates that the majority of women in the region are acquiring HIV through their partners who engage in high-risk behaviour (including as sex work clients, through male-to-male sex or injecting drug use), policies and programmes to address intimate partner transmission are limited. Research conducted in Asia and the Pacific suggests that the transgender population in the region is around 9–9.5 million, made up predominantly of transgender women. 21 Little research has been done on their specific risk factors and data on HIV prevalence among transgender people is limited regionally, but global studies have found that transgender women are 50 times more likely to acquire HIV than adult males and females of reproductive age. The available data for the region indicate high HIV prevalence among transgender women in cities: 30.8% in Jakarta, 22 23.7% in Port Moresby 23 and 18.8% in Maharashtra, India (2010–2011 data).

More young people aged 15–24 live in Asia and the Pacific than in any other region. 25 In 2012, an estimated 690 000 young people were living with HIV (among which 46% are female). 26 The epidemic in this age group is driven mainly by unprotected sex and injecting drug use, as it is among adult populations. 27

Although there has been a 28% reduction of new HIV infections among children since 2001, recent rates of decline appear to be slowing. Between 2010 and 2012, infections among children decreased by 8%.


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Feb15
NAMA, NAMASMARAN AND TOTAL STRESS MANAGEMENT: DR. SHRINIWAS KASHALIKAR
NAMA, NAMASMARAN AND TOTAL STRESS MANAGEMENT: (A HEART TO HEART DIALOGUE) PART 2.
DR. SHRINIWAS KASHALIKAR

Student: I understand what you say; but not quite convinced by the analogies! It is difficult to accept NAMASMARAN even provisionally and begin its practice!
Teacher: We have to bear in mind that most of us; are initially ignorant; like a new born baby. If new born baby did not breathe; because it did not know about its value; then it would be dead. In the same way; if we did not practice NAMASMARAN; right from the beginning, then we would be dead due to deprivation from the nectar of conscience; deep within us! Hence even if you are not convinced about the analogies; it is vital to begin practicing it. In the course of our discussion and your own practice; you may either confirm its pivotal role in Total Stress Management and accept it; or rule out its role altogether; and reject it!
Student: OK Sir! Even as it is difficult; I will do it. This is because; firstly; I respect your earnestness; and secondly; if I am not convinced at the end; I am free to quit it. But Sir, Please tell me how I should start its practice.
Teacher: It is advisable to start remembering the name of any entity you love and revere selflessly and maximally. This is important because; this remembrance of a particular name you choose; is the first step; to realize the ultimate truth, which it implies! Secondly; you may remember it audibly or silently, may or may not use a rosary and do this; when you wake up in morning, before you go to bed; and before eating or drinking!
Student: Is that all? No other conditions?
Teacher: Yes! That is all! No conditions. No other paraphernalia!
Now; let us come back to your question. This doubt about NAMASMARAN arises; firstly because; there is a conflict in our mind; produced by what we observe and what we are preached. On the one hand; we observe all the life; full of its complexities and contradictions, which appears real; and on the other; we are preached that it is transient, ephemeral and illusory.
We find it difficult to reconcile; the day to day inevitable struggle to fulfill the needs for survival; such as food, water, shelter; and the idealism of seeking and realizing the truth beyond all these! We find it hard to bridge the chasm between the day to day apparently real suffering; and the apparently illusory quest of truth; in the form of different modes of devotion, penance and meditation including NAMASMARAN. We find it difficult to relate the actual transactions in life (political, economic, educational, medical and other fields of life); and the apparently inconsequential, superfluous and idealistic pursuits. In fact; we are unable to see any coherence between the compulsions of daily life and the so called urge supposed to be present in every one; to seek and realize truth, which of course, we hardly know!
Student: You have restated my question more explicitly and exactly! How can this idle practice of NAMASMARAN (or other devotional practices involved in religions and or spiritualism), devoid of any rational and tangible solutions and activities; help in Total Stress Management?
Teacher: I understand your question, because even I had this question once upon a time! We will come to it in sequence.
During childhood; I was neither aware of the meaning, causes, dimensions, mechanisms of stress; and its far reaching effects on individual and social life, nor I understood the meaning of NAMASMARAN!
In those days; I used to feel contented for a while; in passing, getting ranks, getting awards, winning competitions, friendships, achievements, entertainment, infatuations, utopia and also; helping the others in one way or another. The pains and failures did disturb, albeit temporarily. What could be the reason for all this?


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Feb13
NAMASMARAN AND ELECTIONS: DR. SHRINIWAS JANARDAN KASHALIKAR
NAMASMARAN AND ELECTIONS: DR. SHRINIWAS JANARDAN KASHALIKAR

Student: Sir, elections are declared and the various ‘transactions’ of election of peoples’ representatives have begun. What is your comment on this?
Teacher: Elections; is a part of democracy. It enables us to decide our representatives, who in turn would make decisions for us.
Student: But is it not disheartening to see the colossal wastage of money on misguiding propaganda? Is it not painful to witness brazen use of caste factors, money, muscle power and several crimes?
Teacher: Obviously it is disheartening and painful for a conscientious and sensitive individual.
Student: What to do?
Teacher: We have to understand it through introspection. If I am asked to make a decision in a court of law; when I am sleeping or when I am intoxicated, then what would I do? Or; if I am an innocent and gullible child and am asked to make judgment, then what would I do?
Student: You won’t be able to do it properly!
Teacher: Very true! Same holds true for us as a group or a society.
Student: What exactly do you mean?
Teacher: If we are not in a process of growing from within, then our judgment remains disoriented, confused, biased, prejudiced, subjective, gullible etc. We may get motivated by helplessness or by vested interests. In such a situation; we are likely to go wrong; for ourselves and for others!
Student: Do you think the society is like a child or an intoxicated person?
Teacher: All of us, who are not involved in a process of self realization through some means such as NAMASMARAN; are vulnerable to commit a mistake or a blunder or even a crime.
Student: But elections are deified! Increase in voting percentage is considered to be a panacea! It is said to be a cure for every evil in the society!
Teacher: It is certainly better if more people are involved in voting. The peoples’ representatives would be representing a larger portion of the society. The representation would be more realistic. But; though most of us, the voters and the candidates, whether genuinely or otherwise; feel that increasing percentage of voting; is a panacea for the cure of all evils; we are wrong!

Elections are actually the means; amongst other means and qualities; such as honesty, responsibility, accountability, punctuality, creativity, study, analysis, experimentation, research, industry, agriculture, craft, business, art, literature, sports, rituals, festivals, conventions, prayers, and individual and social protests; evolved during the development of human civilization. Elections like other means; are meant for ushering in; the ambience that would be conducive to individual and global blossoming. They are not the end in themselves.

In as much as it is true that elections are important means, it is more accurate to say that assuming elections and the democracy as the end in themselves and neglecting the other means of global blossoming such as those mentioned above, would be naive and counterproductive.

Student: From immediate practical point of view, isn’t it true and important that we vote in maximum number?
Teacher: From immediate practical point of view; also; it is necessary to get involved in the process of inner growth, the process of self realization. In fact it is urgent and essential. It is more important and vital; than anything else! What is the use of voting when we are in slumber or out of our senses?
Student: But would it not take prolonged time for self realization?
Teacher: Self realization is a continuous process. It is like treading on a correct path. Hence, first and foremost thing is to come on right path! This alone; and nothing else; can give assurance of reaching the destination!
Student: So, what is your suggestion?
Teacher: We must get empowered to vote selflessly and bravely and elect benevolent candidates? Conversely those who seek to be elected must get empowered; to give selfless and brave governance!

At least conscientious persons like you; should realize that most of the enlightened visionaries have reiterated time and again that; NAMASMARAN – the process of self realization is the source of universally benevolent and empowering inner light; and a basis, essence and culmination of individual and global blossoming! Shouldn’t NAMASMARAN be our topmost priority before, during and after elections?


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Feb12
HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.
HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.
Photo: HIV/AIDS.HEPAITIS B & HEPATITIS C RISK AFTER EXPOSURE TO INFECTED SOURCE ACCIDENTALLY :HOW TO PROTECT ONESELF AND MEASURES TAKEN TO CONTROL IT.

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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An exposure can be defined as a percutaneous injury (e.g., needlestick or cut with a sharp object) or contact of mucous membrane or nonintact skin (e.g., exposed skin that is chapped, abraded, or with dermatitis) with blood, saliva, tissue, or other body fluids that are potentially infectious Exposure incidents might place any time mostly of persons living contact (Family and social members),health personne treating them or accidentally other man coming in contact with different items used by infected persons as razor,blade,handerkerchief,bed,toilet sheet ,common water tub eating or drinking or using their clothes or meeting or talking or hugging or kissing them risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
In this regard it should be clear that hugging,using clothe using toilet sheet shaking hnds,eating or drinking with same glass or plate or using swimming tub or aircooler or room or bed or house or even kissing except very large oozing cut in mouth or skin and persons coming in direct contact with ozing but not old spatted blood of 30 minutes or more blood,semen,vaginal fluid,milk (not transmitting HCV),any body excertion except saliva,sweat or tear(very minimum)never transmit these diseases.TRANSMISSION BY AIR,WATER CONTACT WITH FOOD,CLOTHES,INSECT BITE,ANIMAL BITES NEVER OCCURS EVEN ANIMAL HIV ,HEPATITIS B OR C VIRUS DOESNOT AFFECT HUMAN AS IT IS SPECIES SPECIFIC BUT OTHER STDs may transmit.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):Health care workers who have received hepatitis B vaccine and have developed immunity to the virus are at virtually no risk for infection. For an unvaccinated person, the risk from a single needlestick or a cut exposure to HBV-infected blood ranges from 6%–30% and depends on the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status of the source individual. Individuals who are both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBeAg positive have more virus in their blood and are more likely to transmit HBV.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV);Based on limited studies, the estimated risk for infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HCV-infected blood is approximately 1.8%. The risk following a blood splash is unknown but is believed to be very small; however, HCV infection from such an exposure has been reported.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV);The average risk for HIV infection after a needlestick or cut exposure to HlV-infected blood is 0.3% (about 1 in 300). Stated another way, 99.7% of needlestick/cut exposures to HIV-contaminated blood do not lead to infection.The risk after exposure of the eye, nose, or mouth to HIV-infected blood is estimated to be, on average, 0.1% (1 in 1,000).
The risk after exposure of the skin to HlV-infected blood is estimated to be less than 0.1%. A small amount of blood on intact skin probably poses no risk at all. There have been no documented cases of HIV transmission due to an exposure involving a small amount of blood on intact skin (a few drops of blood on skin for a short period of time). The risk may be higher if the skin is damaged (for example, by a recent cut), if the contact involves a large area of skin, or if the contact is prolonged.
What should be done following an occupational exposure?
Wounds and skin sites that have been in contact with blood or body fluids should be washed with soap and water; mucous membranes should be flushed with water. Immediate evaluation must be performed by a qualified health care professional.
There is no prophlactic medicine for hepatitis B for that precautions by wearing double gloves,washing hands fter touching patients or contacts wearing spectcles, dressing gown,Safe Blood,Safe protected sex with single condom male or female not double condoms and keeping utmost care while treating or being in touch with these patients is must.Donot avoid them tke only precautions simple precautions will protect .Hepatitis B vaccination is rule,for Hepatitis C no vaccination present take above precautions as stated above.Same is rule for HIV but beside if close contacts unavoidable as relatives new born or health personnel can take preprophylactic ARV AS TRUVADA or after exposure if Direct Blood contact as needle of blood in vein of treating health personnel or person highly infected with high viral load and blood coming out advise for three drug POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS DRUG FOR 28 DAYSif exposure less as blood of less infected person with breach over skin then TEO DRUG PROPHYLAXIS FOR 28 DAYS.
All used itmes by these persons particcularly Blood or body tissue must be burned or deep dug in side earth other as utensils,bed clothes should be washed properly using bleaching powder or phenyke if infected body secretions are spat over these otherwise simple washing is required.
INFECTED PERSON SHOULD NOT DONATE BLOOD OR THEIR ORGAN TO OTHER PERSONS EXCEPT NOW HIV DONATE ORGANS TO HIV PERSONS ONLY,SHOLD TKE PRECAUTIONS IF ANY RAW LEAKED SURFACE OR ULCER INSIDE MOUTH OR GENITILIA THEN FIRST GET IT TREATED BEFORE KISSING OR SEX WITH UNINFECTED PERSON.IF VIRAL LOAD LESS AND GOOD ARV TAKEN THEN CHANCE OF TRANSMISSION IS VERY LOW,SAME WITH HCV,HBV IF MEDICINE TAKEN THEN THESE ARE LESS INFECTIOUS.
IT IS PLEASURE THAT NO DISCRIMINATION OR STIGMA PAID TO THESE PERSONS, MIX WITH THEM ,LIVE WITH THEM SIMPLE PRECUTIONS BY BOTH SIDE PREVENT THESE DEADLY INFECTIONS.


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Feb12
HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION ---HOW IT COMES AND SPREAD IN HUMAN BODY
HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION ---HOW IT COMES AND SPREAD IN HUMAN BODY

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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This report provides a synthesis of the current scientific evidence on the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with sexual activities, injection and other drug use, and mother-to-child (vertical) transmission.
Sexual transmission of HIV;
Although there are challenges in quantifying risk by sex act, all studies consistently reported that anal intercourse is a higher risk act than vaginal intercourse, which in turn is a higher risk act than oral intercourse. There is also an increased risk associated with receptive intercourse (both vaginal and anal) compared with insertive intercourse(by penis).Vibrator if used immediately by two three sex performer Hiv positive and if blood or excessive secretion then only spread old used vibrator doesnot as dry up blood or secretions kill HIV.
The risk estimates for the sexual transmission of HIV, per sex act, range widely, from 0.5% to 3.38% (with mid-range estimates of 1.4% to 1.69%) for receptive anal intercourse; 0.06% to 0.16% for insertive anal intercourse; 0.08% to 0.19% for receptive vaginal intercourse (i.e., male-to-female); and approximately 0.05% to 0.1% for insertive vaginal intercourse (i.e., female-to-male). The risk of transmission from unprotected oral intercourse (whether penile-oral or vaginal-oral) is markedly lower than for anal or vaginal intercourse, and findings suggest a low but non-zero transmission probability. The risk of transmission to the receptive partner increases with ejaculation and the presence of oral ulcers and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the oropharynx or inside vagina or anuspresent as it cuase more rupture of mucosa so more blood contact or deeper penetration.
The strongest predictor of HIV sexual transmission is plasma viral load. As plasma viral load increases, the risk of transmission also increases. So if person tkes ARV AND VIRAL LOAD LESS TRANSMISSION IS LOW.
The presence of a concomitant STI has also been found to affect HIV transmission. STIs increase susceptibility to HIV by a factor of 2 to 4 and increase transmissibility 2 to 3 times.Male circumcision decreases the risk of female-to-male sexual transmission of HIV by 50% to 60%. However, there is little epidemiological evidence to suggest that circumcision reduces the risk of transmission to female partners of circumcised men or is effective in the prevention of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM).
HIV transmission among people who use drugs:
For people who inject drugs, the risk of transmission per injection from a contaminated needle has been estimated to be between 0.7% and 0.8%. However, studies of contact with improperly discarded needles outside of the healthcare setting suggest that such exposures represent a low risk for HIV transmission, likely due to the low viability of the virus outside the body.So old used razor blade or toilet sheet covered with old or or 30 minutes or more dry up secretion or blood doesnot transmit it and not on intact skin even blood mixed in water tub.Good volume of blood and that of highly infected person and direct contact is important for transmission SO BLOOD TRANSFUSION OF HIV POSITIVE TO HIV NEGATIVE CAUSE 100% TRANSMISSION.
People using non-injection drugs are also at risk of HIV infection. Drug OR EVEN ALCOHOL EXCESSIVE use can alter sexual behaviours by increasing risk taking. In addition, several drugs have been reported to be independent risk factors for HIV transmission.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV:
In the absence of any preventive intervention, for example, highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), mother-to-child transmission (also known as “vertical” transmission) ranges from about 15% to 45% depending on whether breastfeeding alternatives are available. As with other modes of transmission, maternal plasma viral load has been consistently associated with the risk of vertical transmission. Since HAART, which is used to suppress viral replication, was introduced in 1997, the rate of mother-to-child transmission has dropped dramatically in Canada.

Beyond viral load, there are several factors associated with an increased risk of vertical transmission. Concurrent STIs and co-infection with either hepatitis C or active tuberculosis increase the risk of vertical transmission. While mode of delivery was once found to be associated with vertical transmission, since the introduction of HAART, studies indicate that there are probably no additional benefits to elective caesarean section for women with low viral loads.Obstetric events, including prolonged rupture of membranes and intrapartum use of fetal scalp electrodes or fetal scalp pH sampling, have been found to increase the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV.
Mother-to-child HIV transmission can also occur through breastfeeding. The probability of transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is in the range of 9% to 16%. Co-factors that are associated with risk of transmission from breastfeeding include duration and pattern of breastfeeding, maternal breast health, and high plasma or breast milk viral load.

HIV IS NOT SPREAD BY HUGGING SHAKING HANDS,USING CLOTH BED DRINKING EATING SHARING FOOD WATER AIR ,SALIVA,TEAR(VERY LESS)WITH HIV PATIENTS.ANY SECRETIONS OR BLOOD DRIED OR BEING EXPOSED MORE THAN 30 MINUTES ON RAZOR,BLADE ,HANDERCHIEF,TOOTH BRUSH,WATER TUB ,UTENSILS DOESNOT TRANSMIT AS VIRUS IS KILLED DIRECT CONTACT OF VAGINAL,SEMEN ,BODY FLUID OR BLOOD WITH BLOOD OR BREACHED SKIN OR MUCOSA MEMBRANE TRANSMIT IT.MULTIPLE PARTNERS ,HIGH VIRAL LOAD USUALLY TRANSMIT IT NOT SINGLE PARTNER MIXING ,LOW VIRAL LOAD ,KISSING HAVING NO LEAKED SKIN,MUCOSA USUALLY NOT TRANSMIT IT,USE OF CONDOM IS MUST AS IT PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER STDS AND MIXING OF MORE GENOTYPES OR STRAIN OF HIV SO MAKING IT EASIER TO TREAT.
IF ARV GIVEN TO MOTHER OR INFECTED CHILD OR PROPHYLAXIS TO CLOSE CONTACT OR HEALTH PERSONNEL ITS TANSMISSION IS MORE EASILY CONTROLLED.


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Feb09
NACO ,HEALTH MINISTRY & STAFF OF SACS,NACO,NRHM,RNCTC
NACO ,HEALTH MINISTRY & STAFF OF SACS,NACO,NRHM,RNCTC

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,+917838059592,+919832025033 DELHI –NCR,INDIA
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In this such developed nation list where our government spent crores the Plight of Contractual Employees of Health Sector of India , who are working on Meager Salaries , from the last 5-25 Years , in NACO, NRHM, RNTCP etc government giant welfare government health programmes is well known.
Surprisingly,It is a matter of great Pity that Health sector Employees of India are still working on Contract basis at the Grass Level throughout India on Various Positions , on meager salaries , from the Last 5-25 Years ,without having any Medical Facilities/Benefits, D.A ,HRA & Other Allowances like Health & Risk allowances & Govt. of India has totally failed in considering their long pending demands of Regularization of their Jobs. This is all because Govt. of India , Health Ministry,Central Govt. at the Centre & the Corrupt & Selfish Bureaucrats in the concerned Health Ministry , lacks the necessary Will & Willpower ,to regularize these Contractual Employees Permanently , although there is no Deficit of any Revenue & Necessary Budgetary allocations to Health sector of Govt., Of India.Central Govt. is totally Anti-People & Anti- Employee & all its Ministers & Selfish Bureaucrats are very adamant & reluctant to accept the genuine demands of Contractual Employees of Health Sector of India till today. The Formula of Equal Work & Equal Pay must have been implemented for Contractual Employees in Health Sector of India ,But the Present Gov.has adopted divisive ,Discriminatory & Stigmatic policy towards Contractual Health Sector Employees.They donot consider equality at all and see these employee as second class and treat them below the other staff in Health sector and senior officers.

It is a fact that Contractual Employees of National AIDS Control Organization under DAC( Ministry of Health & Family welfare ),Govt. of India (as NACO Programme has been implemented throughout India from the last 10 Years,NRHM,RNTCP RUNNING SINCE LAST FEW YEARS) serve to the needs of all HIV /AIDS,TB,HEPATITIS ,STDs AND OTHER SERIOUS PATIENTS WITH OPPURTUNISTIC INFECTIONS Patients in various ART Centers ,throughout the entire Length & Breadth of this Country.Apart from the ART Centers,LINKED ART CENTRES Various ICTC Centers,STDs centres,BLOOD BANKS,ANTENATAL CENTRES,NRHM,RNTCP etc. have been functioning in various Civil Hospitals ,Govt. Medical Colleges, Medical Research Institutes & Various Centre of Excellence in various states of India. But the Employees working in these ART Centers ,ICTC Centre’s, Concerned All SACS,EMPLOYEES OF NRH,RNTCP AND OTHER HEALTH PROGRAMMES OF GOVT,Employees in various States at the facility level/Grass Root level,from the last 5-10 years ,are still working on meager salaries on contract basis without any Medical Benefits/ Insurance Benefits , HRA, D.A & Other Risk Allowances ,even in a very High Risk Environment , of getting infected with HIV,IDS,HEPATITIS,STDS,TB OR OTHER SERIOUS DISEASE INFECTION just TO SERVE SUCH SERIOUS PATIENTS,even though NACP-IV has already started from the last year.But the Bureaucrats ,All Officers & Higher authorities of NACO have increased their Salaries to a very high Level,without considering the Increase of Salaries of the Senior or Junior Employees who have been working on various Positions at the Grass root level/ Facility Level in All ART Centre’s, ICTC Centers, Various SACS etc. It is morally & Ethically applicble, that the Salaries of Senior and Junior Employees at the grass root level/Facility level should have been increased to a High level as many administrative Bureaucrats and senior monitoring and Regulatory Doctors and other officials did in NACP-IV.But instead ,the Govt. of India has again adopted here divisive & Discriminatory policy for Grass-root Level Employees butr they have increased the salaries of Higher officials , who have to do nothing concrete just supervision,always sit in aircondition rooms,enjoying seminars in big hotels in India and abroad with free air journey of family members and visit to foreign countries,so many senior bureaucraats join NACO TO AVAIL SUCH FACILITIES AND REMAIN HERE ONG TO GET GOOD ENJOYMENT OF NOT ONLY OF THEM BUT THEIR WHOLE FAMILY ,enjoying with Bolywood stars in name of HIV/AIDS AWARENESS. This NACO programme is becoming successful only because of Employees working at the grass-root/facility level & not because of higher officials.Why NACO is not considering seriously to recruit Manpower at the grass –root Level/Facility level,where work load is increasing day by day,Instead they are wasting the Precious Money of the Public in increasing the posts at the supervision & Higher Levels ,who have to do nothing concrete, rather they are becoming burden for the NACO. Although Representation has already been given to the Higher NACO Authorities regarding the Genuine Long Pending Genuine Demands of contractual NACO Employees by The All India AIDS Control Employees Association many a times ,but nothing concrete decision has been taken by theHealth Minister & NACO Authorities . Rather they are just following the dilly dallying Policies. If the Govt. fails to listen to the voice & genuine Demands of the Contractual Employees , then the Employees will not have any way,rather to go in for Strike/Protest ,against the unwilling & Reluctant higher Authorities, till their Genuine demands are accepted as being observed at JANTAR MNTAR,AND AT DIFFERENT SAC'S OFFICES IN VARIOUS PART OF COUNTRY,FEW EMPLOYEES ARE SERIOUS TOO BUT OUR GOVERNMENT IS DEAF AND DUMB HARDLY CAREFUL TO LISTEN TO THEM FORCING THEM TO GHERAO GOVERNMENT OFFICES AND HOUSE OF BIG POLITICIANS IN COMING DAYS.

Un-availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines, Anti Cancer Medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients --- It is a great Blunder that Govt. of India is still not thinking seriously to provide All basic Medicines/ Clinical medicines/ Anti -cancer medicines free of cost to the needy poor patients in all Civil Hospitals/Civil Dispensaries/ Medical Colleges/ PGIMER etc . About 40-60% of the Income of Common man is spent on his/her health care needs here in India. How will he survive if such a large amount of their income gets wasted on keeping them healthy, for purchasing medicines ,because these medicines are not available free of cost in Govt. Hospitals. It is the Moral Duty of the Govt. of India to Provide free of cost healthcare to all Indian Citizens, especially Poor Needy patients & also as per the suggestion of W.H.O.

For All Indian Citizens & N.R.I of India---I Think , If I am not wrong , all the concerned Citizens of the India & N.R.Is , should raise their voice & support the cause of Poor patients & To put Pressure On the Central Govt. to make ensure the availability of All Basic Medicines/ Clinical Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines in all Govt. Hospitals free of cost ,in the Interest of Poor & Needy Patients & Also should support whole heatedly the cause of Contractual Employees working in Health Sector in India & to Press for their Regularization in the larger interest of patients & Society at large.

Emergency Alert—If the Present Congress Govt. at the Centre failed to solve the above stated Problems till today , than that day will not be too far , when the common man of this country will not excuse them for their faults/ Non-Governance, Anti- People & Anti-Employee Policies & they will raise their voice to change the existing corrupt, Reluctant & unwilling system & will definitely find an alternative honest Political Party & Subsequently Honest & People Friendly Govt. at the Centre ,who will whole Heartedly cater to their genuine demands & needs in the Near Future & also will opt for that Govt. , Who will provide All Basic Medicines/ Anti-Cancer Medicines/ Clinical Medicines free of cost to the suffering & Poor Patients community at large.


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