Most People Think Of Pain As Resulting From Physical Injury Or Disease,but Psychological Factors Play A Huge Role In Pain Perception. Pain Is Intimately Tied To Brain Functions That Govern Behaviour And Decision Making, Including Expectation, Attention And Learning. Pain Makes One Feel Tired; It Is Mentally Draining, Making One More Irritable, Emotional And Unable To Remain Positive. It Is Hardly Surprising That As A Result, Things Can Rapidly Spiral Out Of Control. After All, If A Person Goes From Being Energetic, Fun-loving And Happy, To Being Edgy, Withdrawn And Lethargic Because Of The Pain, It Is Inevitable That Very Quickly Family & Social Relationships Begin To Change. An Employer Or Colleague Who Sees A Promising Employee Beginning To Look Tired, Stressed And Tearful, May Quickly Change Their Opinion About That Person’s Abilities To Cope. A Definition Of Pain Pain Is Not Easy To Define. In 1979, The International Association For The Study Of Pain(iasp) Published Its First Working Definition Of Pain: “an Unpleasant Sensory And Emotional Experience Associated With Actual Or Potential Tissue Damage, Or Described In Terms Of Such Damage.” This Definition Emphasizes Not Just The Sensory Nature Of Pain And Its Relation To Tissue Injury, But Also Its Unpleasant Emotional Component And The Fact That It Can Be Felt Just The Same Without An Obvious Cause. The Definition’s Significance Is Exemplified By Pain Lasting Beyond The Point Of Tissue Repair (spinal Cord Injuries) Or Appear Without Tissue Damage (migraines) Or Be Felt By Stimuli That Do Not Normally Evoke Pain, Like Lightly Touching The Skin (post Herpetic Neuralgia). So There Is Much More To Pain Than A Simple Sensory Process. Psychogenic Pain Psychogenic Pain, Also Called Psychalgia Or Somatoform Pain Is Pain Caused, Increased, Or Prolonged By Mental, Emotional, Or Behavioral Factors. Headache, Back Pain, And Stomach Pain Are Sometimes Diagnosed As Psychogenic. Sufferers Are Often Stigmatized, Because Both Medical Professionals And The General Public Tend To Think That Pain From A Psychological Source Is Not “real”. However, Specialists Consider That It Is No Less Actual Or Hurtful Than Pain From Any Other Source. “the Term ‘psychogenic’ Assumes That Medical Diagnosis Is So Perfect That All Organic Causes Of Pain Can Be Detected; Regrettably, We Are Far From Such Infallibility… All Too Often, The Diagnosis Of Neurosis As The Cause Of Pain Hides Our Ignorance Of Many Aspects Of Pain Medicine.” Ronald Melzack, 1996. Why Visit A Psychologist For Pain? One Might Wonder “why Consult A Psychologist If I Have Pain? Are You Telling That The Pain Is All In My Brain?” In One Word, No! Pain Is Seldom, If Ever Exclusively Psychologically Caused. However, The Mind And The Body Are Tied Together In Physiological & Philosophical Terms, And The Mind Can Either Be Of Incredible Help In Healing Or Can Be An Overwhelming Obstacle. Consulting A Psychologist Certainly Does Not State That The Pain Is All In The Person’s Brain, As Unfortunately Some Clients Have Been Advised By Physicians Unable To Establish The Physical Basis Of The Pain. How Can Psychology Help? Psychology May Reverse Some Of The Impact Of The Pain Giving People A Greater Sense Of Control, Reducing Anxiety, Whilst Improving Memory, Concentration And Self-esteem. The Aim Is To Help People Work Out How To Live Their Life As Normally And In The Most Satisfying Way Possible, Despite The Pain. The Psychologist Will Not Tell How To Live One’s Life- After All You Are The Best Expert On How To Be Yourself. Our Role Is To Help One Explore And Discover What Things In Life Are Important And Meaningful, And What Factors Past And Present Stand In The Way Of Regaining Control Of His Or Her Life. Psychologists Assess And Treat Individuals Coping With Chronic Pain. Assessment Often Involves Examination Of Coping Skills And Looking For The Presence Of Depression, Post-traumaticstress And Other Disorders Which Can Occur In Chronic Pain And Traumatic Injuries. Psychologists Employ Treatment Strategies Such As Muscle Relaxation And Cognitive-behavioural Approach To Help Manage Pain And Improve Functioning. Chronic Pain Causes Disruption Of Self-esteem, Occupational & Family Roles. Stress Reactions And Pain Cause The Mind & Body To Become Aroused And Ready For Action. Increased Emotional And Physical Tension Accompany This State Which May Become Chronic, Resulting In Further Increased Pain, Reduction Of Function And Increased Risk Of Anxiety & Depression. Chronic Pain Sufferers May Find It Difficult To Focus On Things Other Than Their Pain, And Lose Access To The Satisfying Things They Previously Enjoyed. Others May Find It Difficult To Reduce Their Expectations And May Overdo Activities Resulting In Further Injuries Or A Cycle Of Overwork And Disability. Relaxation Therapy Along With Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Is Our First Line Of Treatment, Along With Medical Interventions. It Is Customized To One’s Individual Needs, And May Include: Relaxation Training Cognitive Restructuring Stress Management Sleep Hygiene Activity Pacing Coping Strategies & Assertiveness Training The Psychological Interventions Which We Provide At Axon Pain Management Are Highly Effective In Reducing Pain, Disability And Distress, With A Positive Impact On Your Quality Of Life. About The Author: Dr Johnsey Thomas Is A Registered Practitioner Of Clinical Health Psychology In Hyderabad – India, Associated With Axon Pain Management. He Deals With A Wide Range Of Problem Areas, With A Passion For Working With People Suffering From Pain. He Mentions Chronic Pain As One Of The Most Demanding Problem People Come Across With, Which Can Devastate Lives In Terms Of Work, Activities And Relationships

Unhealthy Habits Put Today’s Children At Extreme Riskof Osteoprosis . Here’s How To Protect Them , And Yourself . Every Time A Child Takes A Soft Drink, He,s Laying The Groundwork For A Dangerous Bone Disease. No, Fizzy And Sugary Drinks Don’t Cause Osteoporosis. But Because They’re Often A Substitute For A Glass Of Milk , Kids And Not Getting The Calcium And Vitamin D They Need To Build A Strong Skeleton.many Of Them Also Lead A Sedentary Lifestyle, So They Aren’t Getting The Bone – Building Benefits Of Vigorous Exercise Either. These Children Aren’t Just In Jeopardy For Brittle Bones And Fracture Decades Down The Road: They Could Be Risk Of Osteoporosis At A Younger Age Than Ever Before . ‘’parants Should View This Seriously” A Body Of Osteoporosis Experts Trying To Spread Awareness About This Bone Crippling Disease . “osteoprosis Strats In Childhood But Has Consequences Later In Life.” The Condition Causes Bones To Become Riddled With Holes, Like The Frame Of House That’s Been Attacked By Termites. That Can Lead To Broken Bones, Which In Turn Can Cause Deformity ,chronic Pain Or Disability Osteoprosis Can Even Be Fatal : Up To 25 Percent Of Older People Who Suffer A Broken Hip Die Within A Year. Osteoporosis Isn’t Just Your Grandmother’s Health Threat. Although It Strikes Over 50million Women In India,it Also Menaces Over 12million Men And Unaccounted Million More Have Low Bone Mass. “ It’s A Silent Disease And Doesn’t Get Detected In Most Causes Until After The Patiant’s First Fracture” Osteoporsis Cause Loss Of Height , Pain In Joints And Back , Fractures And Fear Of Fracture , And Can Be Very Depressin. So It Is Important That We Adopt Preventive Measures To Save Millions Of People .” These ‘s A New Medical Understanding Of The Best Ways To Protect Ourselves – And Our Children . “ Simple Lifestyle Change And Proper Nutrition Will Help Save Your Bones” “ The Sooner You Get Moving The Better.” Do All Children Need Supplements? Ideally ,kids And Adults Should Get Their Daily Calcium Guota Through A Healthy Diet. Taking Milk ?dairy Products Of All Types Will Do The Trick. Other Good Sources Include Sardines, Indian Carp, Leafy-green Vegitables Like Ragi (finger Millet), Soya , Calcium-fortified Juices And Breakfast Cereal. Encourage Your Children To Have Two To Three Servings Of These Bone –bulider Daily. And If They Shun Milk Because They Think Its Fattening , Let Them Know The Latest Research Shows The Opposite Is True :kids With The Highest Milk Consumption Are Also The Slimmest , While Those Who Drink The Most Sweetened Beverages , Unsurprisingly , Are The Heaviest . “ If Your Child Is Getting Insufficient Calcium From His Diet , Go For Supplements” Or Consult With Urs Paediatric Rheumatollogist. “ There Are Many Supplements Now Avilable In Market, Inclide Flavoured , Chewable 250 And 500mg Tablets. There Are Also Liquid Preparations To Choose From .but Be Warned ! Calcium Is Best Absorbed In Small Amounts So Don’t Give More Than 500mg At A Time .” Adult Lacking In This Bone – Bulding Mineral Can Take 1000mg Daily Preferably500 In The Morning And 500 At Night . What ‘ D’ Can Do ? Vitamin D Is Essential For Our Body So It Can Absorb The Calcium It Gets From Food Supplements , And Helps In Forming New Bones. Are You Getting Enough Vitamin D? The Aiims Study In Northern India Also Found That Over 80 % Of The Children Also Had Moderate To Severe Vitamin D Deficiency . “this Is Extremely Worrying” There’s Growing Scientific Consensus Among Experts That The Current Guidelines Of 200 Iu (international Units) For Adults Under 50 , And 400 To 600 Iu For Older People , Are To Low . Even A Little More Can Only Do Good There Is Growing Evidence To Suggest That Lack Of Vitamin D Can Lead To A Host Of Illness Es Like Diabites, Prostate , Colon And Other Cancer, In Addition To Osteoporosis” Unfortunately Vitamin D Is Found In Just A Handful Of Foods Like Egg Yolk And Cod Liveroil. People Can Get This Vitamin Naturally Through Exposure To The Sun . It Is Ironic That Although We Have Ample Sunshine In Our Country Studies Show Indians Tend To Be Deficient In Vitamin D . And This More So In The Case Of Urban Indians Because They Spend More Daytime Indoors Than Rural Folk. So Make It A Habit To Be Outdoors In The Sun For 20 To 30 Minutes Just After Sunrise Or Before Sunset. Studies Also Show That Skin Production Of The Vitamin Dwindles In Older People Even If They’re Frequently Exposed To Sun . Suggesting That A Supplement Might Be The Best Way To Safeguard Their Bone Health . A Test That Can Save Your Life Because Osteoprosis Often Causes No Symptoms At All Until A Fall Snaps A Bone , The Only Way To Tell If You Have It Is Via A Bone Mineral Density Test . This Prosedure Is Advised For All Women Over 50 Use It Or Lose It As You Age , You Lose Bone Faster Than You Produce It .over The Five To Seven Years After Menopause , Women Can Lose Up To 20 %of Their Bone Mass Due To Oestrogen Deficiency . Paying Extra Attention To Bone Health Can Lessen The Damage , However . Men Are Also Affected By Age – Related Skeletal Loss, But Not As Dramatically , Since Their Larger Frames Provide A Higher Peak Bone Mass And Their Hormones Don’t Plunge After Age 50. Our Skeleton Needs Regular Exercise At Every Age To Stay Strong, But We’re Getting More And More Sedentary . “physical Activity Is Very Critical For Retaining Bone Mass”. Children And Adult Should Exercise To Keep Their Bones Healthy : 60 Minutes Of Physical Activity A Day For Kids And 30 Minutes For Adults. A Combination Of Weight – Bearing Routines (such As Walking , Jogging, Stairs-clinbing, Or Dancing Pluse Resistance Exercise Like Weight – Lifting)is The Ideal Recipe For Bone Health . For Children , Jumping Is A Fun Way To Bone Up. The Researcher Contrasted Elementry School Girls Who Took Gym Classes To Those Who Also Did Ten Minites Of High – Impact Jumping Exercise , Three Times A Week. At The End Of The Two – Year Study , The Jumping Exercise Group Had A Nearly Five Percent Increase In Bone Mass .other Weight –bearing Exercise With Kid Appeal Include Skipping , Tennis , And Team Sports , Such As Football “ Its Never Too Late To Adopt Bone – Frendly Habits – Exersise , Get Enough Sunlight , Have Adequate Calcium . This Way , We Can Keep Our Bones Healthy And Prevent Osteoporosis” For More Information Consult With Physician Or Physiotherapist

Color Blindness Is An Inherited Defect Of Vision, Resulting In A Person's Inability To Distinguish Between Specific Colors.partial Color Blindness Is More Common Than Total Color Blindness, In Which A Person Sees Everything As Shades Of Gray(grey). The Most Common Form Of Partialcolor Blindness Leads To Inability Todistinguish Between Red And Green And Rarely Between Blue And Yellow.color Blindness Is A Fairly Common Conditionwhich Occurs More In Men Than Women, But It Is Rarely A Serious Disadvantage To Those Affected.approximately One In 20 Men And One In 200 Women Are Affected .some Studies Suggest That About Eight Percent Of The World's Male Population And Less Than One Percent Of Female Population Are Affected .many People Are Unaware They Are Color Blind Until Their Eyes Have Been Tested .the Retina Compromises Two Types Of Photoreceptors , Rods And Cones. Although The Rods Are More Numerous, Some 120 Million, And Are More Sensitive Than The Cones, They Are Not How-ever, Sensitive To Color. Rods Are Responsible For Vision At Low Light Levels(scotopic Vision) And They Do Not Meditate Color Vision And Have A Low Spatial Acuity The Six Or Seven Million Cones That Provide The Eye's Color Sensitivity Are Much More Concentrated In The Central Yellow Spot Known As The Macula.being Active At Higher Light Levels (photopic Vision) Cones Are Capable Of Color Vision And Are Responsible For High Spatial Acuity. In Simple Terms It May Be Said That Cones Require Brighter Light To Function Than Rods.red ,green And Have Their Corresponding Wavelengths . Red Wavelengths Are Longest, Followed By Green Wavelengths (medium) And Blue Color Is Made Up Of Shorter Wavelengths .they Are Red , Blue And Green Cones Which Are Sensitive To Those Colors And Combinations Of Them. If The Cones Do Not Work Properly Or If There Is No Right Combination, The Brain Does Not Get The Right Message About The Colors You Are Seeing.the Visible Colors From Shortest To Longest Wavelength Are Violet, Blue , Green , Yellow , Orange And Red.the Visible Red Light Having A Wavelength Of About 650 Nanometers Is Responsible For The Presence Of Red Or Orange Color At Sunrise And Sunset, Because The Wavelengths Associated With These Colors Are Less Efficiently Scattered By The Atmosphere Than The Shorter Wavelength Colors Such As Blue Or Purple.the Visible Green Light Having A Wavelength Of About 510 Nm Makes The Grass Appear Green Because All The Colors In The Visible Part Of Spectrum Are Absorbed Into The Leaves Of The Grass Appears Greenthe Visible Blue Light Having A Wavelength Of About 475 Nm Are Scattered More Efficiently By The Molecules In The Atmosphere Which Cause The Sky To Appear Blue.people Who Are Born Blind Do Not See Images In Dreams, But Have Dreams Vivid Involving Their Other Senses Of Sound, Smell, Touch And Emotion.color Blindness Caused By A Disease Of The Retina Or Optic Nerve Is Progressive And Associated With A General Deterioration Of Vision, Unlike Inherited Variety Where The Ability To See Detail Is Unaffected And The Condition Never Worsen.it Is Tested With Ishihara Chart Normally Their Are Means Of Testing Colour Blindness. Please Share============== S.s.venkateshwar, Andaman And Nicobar Islands