AIM:
Study of dyslipidemia in non-diabetic first degree relatives (F.D.R.) of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty type –2 diabetes mellitus with forty numbers of their FDR were included in the study. Secondary causes of dyslipidemia were excluded in both groups by history taking, clinical examinations and appropriate laboratory tests. Fasting lipid profile comprising of serum cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-C were done in automatic analyzer and VLDL-C, LDL-C values were calculated out by using Friedwald equation.

OBSERVATION:
Mean cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C values were below normal (i.e. cholesterol < 200mg/dl, triglyceride <150mg/dl and LDL-C < 130 mg/dl) but diabetics showed higher values than FDR and 15% of FDR were having HDL-C values below normal (i.e. <40mg/dl in males and <45 mg/dl in females) 22.5% diabetics and 30% FDR were having cholesterol /HDL C-Ratio > 5, while LDL-C/HDL – C ratio > 3.5 were found in 12.5% of diabetics and 20% of FDR (Atherogenic ratio).

CONCLUSION:
F.D.R. of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients showed very high incidence of low HDL-C level, perhaps prevalence of more of insulin resistance in them, thus predisposing them to atherogenic profile even if they are normoglycemic and this makes a need of creating awareness in them.

Abstract: Typhoid fever is widely prevalent in this part of Orissa. After multidrug resistance against the first line drugs chlormphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, the emergence of chromosomally mediated quinolone resistance in typhoid fever has become a major concern in its treatment. Treatment failures with ciprofloxacin are being increasingly reported. 156 cases of Typhoid fever were admitted, out of them 802 cases were culture positive i.e. responded to ciprofloxacin. 18 cases did not responded to ciprofloxacin, as chloramphenicol was given in the dose of 50mg/kg for further 7 days. 10 cases responded to chloramphericol. 4 cases each responded to certriaxone and cefixime.
Key Word: Ciprofloxacin, Salmonella typhi, Typoid fever.
Introduction:
Thyphoid fever is endemic in most developing regions, especially the Indian sub continent, South and Central America and Asia.
Thyphoid fever continues to be global health problem, with an estimated 13 to 17 million cases worldwide resulting in approximately 600,000 deaths per year 3. Children <1 year of age appear to be most susceptible to initial infection and to the development of severe disease. The increasing trend in the mortality and morbidity is due to factors like poor nutrition, poor environmental sanitation and inadequate treatment set-up. The standard textbook picture to typhoid fever is an exception rather than the rule. Typhoid fever is a common illness in this part of the state. The high incidence of typhoid fever is a common illness in this part of the state. The high incidence of typhoid fever acquired greater significance because of various spectrum of presentation and emergence of multidrug resistance led us to carry out a detailed study of typhoid fever cases.
Material and method:
All the cases of fever (high grade) admitted to the medical wards of V.S.S. Medical College/Hospital, Burla with a provisional diagnosis of Typhoid fever, during the period of (January 20021 to December 2002) were taken up for the study.
Patients with continuous fever for (more than 400C) for at least 5 days were screened as potential cases for typhoid fever and subjected to thorough clinical and laboratory examination and those satifying at least 4 of the following criteria were taken up as study:
1. Splenomegaly.
2. Relative bradycardia (if within first week)
3. TLC<10,000/cubic mm)
4. Positive Culture (one or more)
a. Blood culture
b. Stool Culture
c. Urine culture
5. Serology
Positive Widal test ‘O’ titre (&#61619; 320) or rising ‘O’ titre.
Observation:
In the present study, diagnosis was made by isolation of Salmonella typhi in 54 cases. Half of the cases who had positive stool culture and all the three cases having positive urine culture had positive blood culture also.
The various complications seen were as follows:
1. Typhoid encephalopathy (12.5%)
2. Pnemonia (2.5%)
3. Myocarditis (2.5%)
4. Gastrointestinal complications in the form of paralytic ileus (5%)

Response to treatment is indicated as follows:
CIPROFLOXACIN (80 CASES)



Response No response
(62 cases) (18 cases)



Chloramphenicol Ceftriaxone / Cefixime
(10 cases) (4 cases) (4 caaes)
The response to treatment of Salmonella typhi positive in 80 cases were
(a) 62 cases responded to ciprofloxacin
(b) 10 cases responded to chloramphenico.
(c) 4 cases each responded to ceftriaxone / cefixime
Discussion:
Out of 80 cases, 56 were males and 24 were females. Most cases are reported among males than females, probably as a result of increased exposure to infection. Maximum number of cases were seen in the age group of 21 to 30 years. The epidemiological pattern confirm to the pattern found in the present study i.e. occurrence of maximal number of cases in the late summer and early rainy season when sources of water get contaminated by the still prevalent habit of open air defeacation by the side of ponds.
Pyrexia is the sine-qua-non of typhoid. The duration of fever prior to enrolment was 5-30 days. Contrary to the text book picture of stepladder pyrexia, most of our patients had either continuous (47.5%) or intermittent (30%). 45% of cases had modereate grade of fever and 57.5% had associated chills and rigor. The next common presenting symptoms in order of frequency was headache (42.5%), vomiting (27.5%), loose motion (15%), altered sensorium (12.5) and cough (10%).
4 patients presented with features of acute intestinal obstruction, who improved with conservative management contrary to what Patel and Panda had observed in 3.8% of cases 16.
Twenty two cases had moderate anaemia, while six cases had severe anaemia (<6 gn%). Total leucocyte count was within the normal range in most of our series (77.5). Only 8 cases had leucopenia and 16.5% of our cases showed leucocytosis, which signified complications like intestinal perforation and the other was pneumonia.
Widal test was done in all cases of fever. 42.5% of cases showed an initial TO titre of 1:160, 31.2% showed that of 1:320m 23.7% of cases showed titre of 1:80 and 2.5% cases showed low titre 1:40. Out of the 18 cases, where repeat widal test was done, which showed 3 patients having the same titre, while rest patients showed fall in titre.
Out of the 156 cases, isolation of S. typhi was positive in 80 cases including blood, stool and urine culture.
With emergence to multi – dryg resistance to chloramphenicol , ampicillin and co-trimoxazole,drugs like fouoroquinolone and third generation cephalosporins gained importance. In fact, ciprofloxacin became synonymous with typhoid fever. However, a very disturbing trend surfaced in 1992, when news of ciprofloxacin resistance btoke out for the first time in Ukin a one –year old child who acquired the infiction from,India17. In UK, decreased sensitivity against S.typhi i.e MICs ( minimum in hibitory concentrations )of >0.25&#61549;g/ml for ciprofloxacin was reported to have risen from 2.7%in 1995 to 1998.7
Most clinician in India now believe that efficacy of ciprofloxacin had reduced over the years. In the light of currently available information, the positive fall out of indiscriminate use of ciprofloxacin is return of suspectibility to primary drugs like chloramphenicol.
Out of 80 cultured positive cases, all cases were given ciprofloxacin in the dose of 750 mg twice daily for 10-14 days in adults or 200 mg intravenously twice for 7 days. 62 cases responded and became afebrile on 4-5th day and the test 18 cases did not respond and subsequently changed to chloramphenical ( 50mg/kg )for further 7 days and were afebrile sithin 3-5 days. 4 caseseach responded to third generation cephalosporin (eg. Ceftriaxone, cefixime ).
Conclusion
Typhoid fever remains a common cause of prolonged pyrexial illness in this part of the country. The classical picture given in standard textbooks of m,edicine has become very rare these days. A high index of suspicion is usually necessary to clinch the diagnosis in the absence of culture facilities.
However, in the setting of inappropriate and inadequate treatment with antibiotics in the peripheral hospital, there is increased resistance to MDR strains and also to ciprofloxin. Therefore, close onservation is needed and proper antibiotic should be prescribed to prevent relapse as well as outbreak.
References
1. Adhikari Pranha M.R. Baliga Srikala, Ciprofloxacin – Resistant Tyhphoid with compoette Response to Cefotaxime. HAPI, 2002;50:428-9.
2. Cammie F, Lesser, Samuel I.Miller Saalmonellsis: typhoid fever, HariPrinciples of Internal Medicine, 2000;Vol I , 15th Edn. Om 970-973.
3. Chande Chhaya, Shrikhande Sunanda, Kapale Sandhanga, Agarwal Seema & Fule R.P. Change in Antimicrobial Resistance pattern of Salmonella Typhi in Central India. Indian J.Mid Res. 2002;115,248-250.
4. Christopher Harlett, Chilvers Edwin, R.Hunter John A.A. et al Salmonela Infection. Davidson Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1999;18th Edn. 123-124.
5. Das Usha & Bhattacharya SS. Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Typhic in Rourkela, Ouissa. Indian J.Patthos. Microbiol; 2000 : 43 (1): 135-138.
6. Dutta T.K. Shanmuganathan C, Kanungo. R.Ghotedar L.H.,Management of typhoid fever –An update. Apicln 2002 ; 12 , 1120 –1123.
7. jesudasan MV, Malathy M, John TJ.Trend of increasing level minimum ceprofloxacin in Salmonella typhi. Ind J Med Res 1996; 103:247-9.
8. Kapil a, Sood S.Dash N R, Das B K, Seth P. Ciprofloxacin in Typhoid fever; The Lancet, 1999;354,164.
9. Luzzatto L.Glucose 6 – phosphate dehydrogenase (G6 PD) dehydrogenase (G6 / PD ). Deficiency. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingtham JGG, Warell DA (editors), Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3rd edition, Oxford University, Oxford. 1996; 3: 3537-41.
10. Manson Bahr, Mansons tropical disease 19th Edn.
11. Mathai D Kudva GC, Keystone JS, Kosarsky PE, Jesudasan MV, Lalitha MK, Kaur A, Thomas M, Johan J, Pulimood BM, Short Course Ciprofloxacin Therapy for Enteric fever; JAPI, 1993; 41: 428-430.
12. Multani AS, Mahajan DS, Khurana A, Pal T, Atwal S.To Evalute the Therapeutic Efficacy of Cefixime in quinolones Resistant Typhoid Fever: JAPI, 2002; 50,178.
13. Patel D.K. & Panda R.S. Changing Patterns of Enteric Fever. The Indian Practitioner : Vol XLVI, 1993; 9: 625-630.
14. Threlfall EJ, Ward L.R., Skinner JA, Smith HR, Lacey S, Ciprofloxacin – resistant Salmonella typhi and treatment failure. The Lancet, 1999; 353, 1590-1951.

Abstract:
We report a reare case of leptospirosis who developed Jurish – Herxheimer reaction after initiation of treatment. The mechanism of this reaction and its pathophysiology are reviewed.
Key words: Jarisch-Herxheimer, Leptospirosis
Introduction:
Lleptospirosis is caused by Leptospira interrogans (e.g. serogroup L. icterohaemorrhagiae). Spread is bny contact with infected rat urine, e.g. while swimming, taking pond bath. They usually present with fever, jaundice, headache, red conjunctivae, tender legs (myositis), purpura, hemoptysis, hematemesis, or any bleeding, Meningitis, myocarditis and renal failure may develop.
Case Report:
A 32 year old male presented in August 2002, with a 7day history of fever, headache, myalgia and nausea. He had always been fit and well. On examination he was hemodynamically stable, pyrexia, and had meningism, and mild abdominal tenderness, without hepatosplenomegaly. Blood tests showed 9.6 x 109/L neutrophils, 125 x 109/L platelets, but no other abnormalities. We started intravenous cefuoxime 1.5gm twice daily and oral doxycycline 100mg twice daily, to cover meningococal, streptococcal, salmonella and other gram negative and typical pathogens. Blood tests 12 hr. later after admission showed urea and creatinine normal aST 110/U/Lt, ALT 176 U/L. Tests for malaria parasite was negative, widal test negative abdominal sonogram revealed no abnormality. Blood for culture and sensitivity was sent.
The patient became increasingly breathless and hypoxaemic. A chest rediograph showed mild cardiomegaly and an electrocardiograph (ECG) showed low voltage with widerspread ST segment changes. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed mold dilation of left ventricle. Pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary disease was considered unlikely in this otherwise healthy male. The patient was started on intravenous dexamethasone, dopamine infusion and oxygen inhalation. His condition improved over next 48 hours. The report ECG and transthroacic echocardiogramon day 5 showed complete resolution of previous abnormalities. He was discharged after finishing a week’s course of the antibiotics, and soon returned to work. He is doing well since then when last seen in Dec. 2002.
We subsequently diagnosed acute leptospirosis by a leptospira spp. 1gM antibody titre of 1:2560, from blood sample taken on day 8 of admission (negative on the first day of hospitalization). The patient’s acute deterioration after antibiotic treatment was probably due to a Jarisch-Herxhemier reaction.
Discussion:
Cardiovascular involvement can occur in both the septicaemic and immune phases of Leptospira infection. Minor ECG changes and pulmonary edema have been reported in the first week of illness, but cardiomegaly is unusual.
The Jarisch Herxheimer reaction is a recognized complication of antimicrobial treatment of spirochaetal infections. Lysed bacteria releasel LPS, triggering release of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-&#61537; and iL-6 & 8. Antibiotics, including tetracyclines, &#61538;-lactams and cephalosporins trigger LPS release from bacteria. LPS induces NO mediated vasodilation resulting in systemic hypotension. LPS can also induce pulmonary hypertension.
Conclusion:
Leptospirosis is relatively uncommon condition in this part of Orissa; Milder cases are underdiagnosed.
It is not possible to predict which patients might develop a Jarisch Herxhemier reaction after starting treatment. Physicians should know that this reaction can include systemic gypotension. And acute pulmonary edema and that most patients recover fully with appropriate supportive therapy.
References:
1. Wesely Farr R. leptospirosis, Clin. Infect Dis. 1995; 21:18
2. Friedland JS, Warrell DA. The Jarisch Herxhemier reaction in leptospirosis: possible pathogenesis and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991;13:207-10.
3. Negussie Y, Remick DG, Deforge LE, Kunkel SL, Eynon A, Griffin GE, Detection of plasma tunour necrosis factor, interleukins 6, and 8 during the Jarisch Herxhemier reaction of relapsing fever J. Exp. Med. 1922;175;1207-12.
4. Evans ME, Pollack M. Effect of antibiotic class and concentration of the release of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 1994; 169:471-73.