Bio: meaning life and mimesis meaning imitation are derived from Greek. Biomimetics is the field of scientific endeavor which attempts to design system and synthesize materials through biomimicry. It’s the concept of taking ideas from nature and implementing them in another technology such as engineering design computing etc. The subject matter of biomimetics is known by several names bionics, biognosis etc .

The concept is very old but the implementation is gathering momentum only recently because the science base can cope with the advanced techniques and our civilization is in ever increasing need of sympathetic technology.

Biomimectics is an emerging inter disciplinary field that combines information from the study of biological structures and their function with physics mathematics chemistry and engineering in the development of principles that are important for the generation of novel synthetic materials and organs.

HOMOEOPATHY FOR LIFESTYLE DISORDERS
Satish, 40 year old branch manager lived a sedentary way of life. He visited with high blood pressure & sleep problems. His cholesterol levels were also very high. He was already taking medicines for his high BP & cholesterol from last 5 yrs. His BP & cholesterol levels were considerably high inspite of taking medicines.
After taking his case history in detail homoeopathic medicine was prescribed. He also complained of too much of depression & anxiety. After 8 months of homoeopathic treatment his blood pressure & sleep problems improved. His cholesterol levels also reduced to acceptable levels.
Homoeopathy is a holistic medicine which deals with mind & body. It has an ability to heal deep emotional issues as well as chronic physical illnesses. It stimulates our body systems to regulate & maintain healthy levels of hormones & blood cholesterol.
Homoeopathic treatment not only helps to reduce “bad” cholesterol levels but increase “good” cholesterol levels.

Dr. Nahida M.Mulla.M.D. MACH
Principal,
Professor of Repertory & PG Guide
HOD Paediatric OPD.
Child Councellor
A.M.Shaikh Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital,Nehru Nagar, Belgaum.
e-mail: drnahida_mulla@yahoo.com
Cell : 9448814660

Hyaluronic acid in osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis(OA) is a degenerative joint disease and is thought to be wear and tear of joint as part of an aging process.There are 2 types of OA,primary and secondary.Primary OA occurs in a joint de novo.It occurs in elderly and mostly in weight-bearing joints such as knee and hip.This is more common.Secondary OA occurs due to an underlying primary disease of the joint which leads to the degeneration of the joint.It can occur at any age and occurs commonly at the hip. Osteoarthritis is characterized by a loss of articular cartilage, which has a highly limited capacity to heal itself. Along with these cartilage changes, a reduction in the elastic and viscous properties of the synovial fluid occurs. The molecular weight and concentration of the naturally occurring hyaluronic acid decreases. Theoretically, this loss of elastoviscosity decreases the lubrication and protection of the joint tissues and is one postulated mechanism of pain production in osteoarthritis.1,2 Pharmacologic treatment generally consists of analgesics and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Physical therapy can be used, with exercises to maintain range of motion and strength. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are often used for transient symptom relief. When conservative measures fail, surgical treatments limited to arthroscopic debridement, osteotomies to redistribute load and total joint replacements have been the only options until recently.
Intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid is a viscosupplementation that is newly available options for patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.The increase in viscoelasticity of the synovial fluid seems to play a role.The indications for viscosupplementation can be considered for use in patients who have significant residual symptoms despite traditional nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments.Patients who are intolerant of traditional treatments can be considered these injections.
Viscosupplementation
The concept of viscosupplementation is based on pathologic changes of synovial fluid hyaluronic acid with its decrease molecular weight and supplementation.Two hyaluronic acid products are currently available in the United States: naturally occurring hyaluronan (Hyalgan) and synthetic hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc). Hylans are cross-linked hyaluronic acids, which gives them a higher molecular weight and increased elastoviscous properties. The higher molecular weight of hylan may make it more efficacious than hyaluronic acid because of its enhanced elastoviscous properties and its longer period of residence in the joint space (i.e., slower resorption)3. The exact mechanism of action of viscosupplementation is not well known. Although restoration of the elastoviscous properties of synovial fluid seems to be the most logical explanation, other mechanisms must exist. The actual period that the injected hyaluronic acid product stays within the joint space is on the order of hours to days, but the time of clinical efficacy is often on the order of months.4 Other possible mechanisms to explain the long-lasting effect of viscosupplementation include anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties, or stimulation of in vivo hyaluronic acid synthesis by the exogenously injected hyaluronic acid.5
Clinical studies of hyaluronan
Multiple studies have been conducted to assess the efficacy of intra-articular hyaluronan injections. Initial studies6-8 in the 1970s and 1980s demonstrated benefits for hyaluronan-injected knees. More recently, Dahlberg and colleagues,9 and Henderson and coworkers,10 in randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials found no benefit from intra-articular hyaluronan over placebo. Lohmander and associates11 similarly found no significant differences between overall treatment and placebo groups; however, a subgroup analysis of patients more than 60 years of age with more severe symptoms revealed beneficial effects from the hyaluronan injections. In contrast to these recent trials, which demonstrated no or minimal beneficial effects from intra-articular hyaluronan, other randomized controlled studies12-14 suggest overall beneficial effects of hyaluronan over placebo. Another study15 demonstrated efficacy of hyaluronan in a randomized blinded trial, with the treatment group showing more improvement than the placebo group and a group taking oral naproxen.
Clinical studies of cross-linked hylan
A summary of four clinical trials performed in Germany using cross-linked hylan16 demonstrated excellent results in 71 percent of hylan-treated patients, compared with 29 percent of placebo-treated patients. After six months, 53 percent of hylan-treated patients still reported excellent pain relief, compared with 22 percent of the placebo-treated patients. In a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial using hylan,17 it was found that 39 to 71 percent of hylan-treated patients were symptom free at 26 weeks compared with 13 to 45 percent of placebo-treated patients. Another study18 compared intra-articular hylan with NSAID therapy in a randomized blinded trial. Hylan was found to be as effective as NSAID therapy at 12 weeks and was superior to NSAID therapy at 26 weeks. In addition, findings from a clinical practice19 showed that 80 percent of 458 knees injected with hylan had a positive response, and the average duration of efficacy was 8.2 months.
Adverse effects of intraarticular hyaluronic acid
Rates of adverse reaction has been low.The most frequent adverse reaction to this treatment is transient localised pain or effusion which is resolved within one to three days.There were no systemic effects attributed to hyaluronic acid.There are also reports on cases of induced pseudogout20.No long term side effects have been reported21.
Indications
Intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections should be considered in patients with significantly symptomatic osteoarthritis who have not responded adequately to standard nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments or are intolerant of these therapies (e.g., gastrointestinal problems related to anti-inflammatory medications).2,14,15 Patients who are not candidates for total knee replacement or who have failed previous knee surgery for their arthritis, such as arthroscopic debridement, may also be candidates for viscosupplementation. Total knee replacement in younger patients may be delayed with the use of hyaluronic acid22.
Injection technique
Hyalgan is supplied in 2-mL vials (one injection per vial) or prefilled syringes, and Synvisc is supplied in 2-mL prefilled syringes. The recommended injection schedule is one injection per week for five weeks for Hyalgan, and one injection per week for three weeks for Synvisc. Repeat courses of viscosupplementation can be performed after six months. A knee joint can be injected several ways. One approach is to have the patient lie supine on the examination table with the knee flexed 90 degrees. In this position, the anterior portions of the medial and lateral joint lines can easily be palpated as dimples just medial or lateral to the inferior pole of the patella. Often, the medial joint line is easier to palpate and define and can be chosen as the site of injection. Alternatively, the knee joint can be approached with the knee extended, again with the patient lying supin. Most commonly the superolateral edge of the patella is the site of injection, but other quadrants of the knee near the patellar edges can also be chosen. With this approach (knee in extended position), the needle is generally aimed under the patella.
Actual injection site can be marked with a fingernail imprint or the barrel of a pen. Next, sterile preparation with a povidone iodine preparation (Betadine) and alcohol can be performed. A 22- to 25-gauge needle can be used for the injection. Local anesthesia with lidocaine before the injection can be used, but with a small gauge needle this is not always necessary. Alternatively, an ethyl chloride spray can be used for local anesthesia. Following puncture through the skin and into the joint space, the injection is accomplished. If resistance is encountered, redirection of the needle may be necessary.
If effusion is present, aspiration of the joint is recommended before the injection to prevent dilution of the injected hyaluronic acid. The aspiration can be performed at the same site as the injection, as previously described. The same needle can be left in place and used for the aspiration and the injection. Aspiration may require a larger bore needle, such as an 18- or 20-gauge needle. Following local anesthesia with intradermal lidocaine or ethyl chloride spray, the needle can be placed into the joint for aspiration. When aspiration is completed, hemostat clamps can be used to grasp and stabilize the needle, while the aspiration syringe is detached from the needle. The syringe containing hyaluronic acid can then be attached to the same stabilized needle followed by injection. No excessive weight-bearing physical activity should take place for one to two days following injection.

References:

1. Marshall KW. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis: current status, unresolved issues and future directions. J Rheumatol 1998;25:2056-8.
2. George E. Intra-articular hyaluronan treatment for osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:637-40.
3. Wobig M, Bach G, Beks P, Dickhut A, Runzheimer J, Schwieger G, et al. The role of elastoviscosity in the efficacy of viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a comparison of hylan G-F 20 and a lower-molecular-weight hyaluronan. Clin Ther 1999;21:1549-62.
4. Cohen MD. Hyaluronic acid treatment (viscosupplementation) for OA of the knee. Bull Rheum Dis 1998;47:4-7.
5. Balazs EA, Denlinger JL. Viscosupplementation: a new concept in the treatment of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol 1993;20(suppl 39):3-9.
6. Peyron JG, Balazs EA. Preliminary clinical assessment of Na-hyaluronate injection into human arthritic joints. Pathol Biol [Paris] 1974;22:731-6.
7. Weiss C, Balazs EA, St. Onge R, Denlinger JL. Clinical studies of the intraarticular injection of HealonR (sodium hyaluronate) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of human knees. Osteoarthritis symposium. Palm Aire, Fla., October 20-22, 1980. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1981;11(suppl 1):143-4.
8. Peyron JG. Intraarticular hyaluronan injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis: state-of-the-art review. J Rheumatol 1993;39(suppl):10-5.
9. Dahlberg L, Lohmander LS, Ryd L. Intraarticular injections of hyaluronan in patients with cartilage abnormalities and knee pain. A one-year double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:521-8.
10. Henderson EB, Smith EC, Pegley F, Blake DR. Intra-articular injections of 750 kD hyaluronan in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a randomised single centre double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 91 patients demonstrating lack of efficacy. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:529-34.
11. Lohmander LS, Dalen N, Englund G, Hamalainen M, Jensen EM, Karlsson K, et al. Intra-articular hyaluronan injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre trial. Hyaluronan Mulicentre Trial Group. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:424-31.
12. Dougados M, Nguyen M, Listrat V, Amor B. High molecular weight sodium hyaluronate (hyalectin) in osteoarthritis of the knee: a 1 year placebo-controlled trial. Osteoarthritis Cart 1993;1:97-103.
13. Puhl W, Bernau A, Greiling H, Kopcke W, Pforringer W, Steck KJ, et al. Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate in osteoarthritis of the knee: a multicentre double-blind study. Osteoarthritis Cart 1993;1:233-41.
14. Listrat V, Ayral X, Paternello F, Bonvarlet JP, Simonnet J, Amor B, et al. Arthroscopic evaluation of potential structure modifying activity of hyaluronan (Hyalgan) in osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cart 1997;5:153-60.
15. Altman RD, Moskowitz R. Intraarticular sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol 1998;25:2203-12 [Published erratum appears in J Rheumatol 1999;26:1216].
16. Adams ME. An analysis of clinical studies of the use of crosslinked hyaluronan, hylan, in the treatment of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol (suppl) 1993;39:16-8.
17. Wobig M, Dickhut A, Maier R, Vetter G. Viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20: a 26-week controlled trial of efficacy and safety in the osteoarthritic knee. Clin Ther 1998;20:410-23.
18. Adams ME, Atkinson MH, Lussier AJ, Schulz JI, Siminovitch KA, Wade JP, et al. The role of viscosupplementation with hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a Canadian multicenter trial comparing hylan G-F 20 alone, hylan G-F 20 with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and NSAIDs alone. Osteoarthritis Cart 1995;3:213-25.
19. Lussier A, Cividino AA, McFarlane CA, Olszynski WP, Potashner WJ, De Medicis R. Viscosupplementation with hylan for the treatment of osteoarthritis: findings from clinical practice in Canada. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1579-85.
20. Disla E, Infante R, Fahmy A, Karten I, Cuppari GG. Recurrent acute calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthritis following intraarticular hyaluronate injection. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1302-3.
21. Maheu E. Hyaluronan in knee osteoarthritis: a review of the clinical trials with hyalgan. Eur J Rheumatol Inflamm 1995;15:17-24.
22. Red book. Montvale, N.J.: Medical Economics Data, 1999.

TRAVELING..INDIA with HOMEOPATHY MAKES THINGS EASSY
INDIA is become one hot spot for travelers in coming years.and more and more people coming around the world to see india ,its good but along with traveling they also face some health problem .as a homeopath i come across every day near about 2 to 4 patients around coming to clinic for homeopathy . i always advice them to carry small homeopathy traveling kit with them so after so many years of practing and seeing cases i had found some good homeopathy medicine every one shud carry alson with them ,these small pills are very effective and safe to take

so lets understand it a bit and few reamdy which you shud keep at home and while travelling .
Homeopathy is based on the principle of "like cures like". The remedies,
which are generally dilutions of natural substances from plants,
minerals, and animals, are selected to specifically match a person's
individual symptom pattern. Here are some homeopathic remedies that are
useful for traveling It is our responsibility to help ourselves i had found following list of medicine every one keep with them so that they can get help to themselves before going to see doctor

TRAVELING KIT
Here are some homeopathic remedies that are
useful for traveling
ACONITUM NAPELLUS– Remedy for shock, sudden cold or any situation where symptoms come on violently and suddenly
ARGENTUM NITRICUM–
Remedy that may be used for fear, apprehension or anxiety associated
with travel. It's also suggested for someone who has a fear of heights,
crowds, closed spaces or water
APIS—Insect stings, specially bees and jellyfish. Burning
and stinging pain with rapid, pink or red, puffy swelling of the
affected part. The affected skin may feel hot, sensitive, tender, and
sore. The person feels better when applying cold to the area and feels
worse with heat.

ARNICA– Universal remedy
for cuts, bruises, concussion. The person often feels worse with
movement and does not want to be touched. Arnica is especially useful
for bruises and injuries that feel sore.
ARSENICUM ALBUM– Main homeopathic
remedy for diarrhea caused by spoiled or tainted food and traveler's
diarrhea Burning diarrhea accompanied by extreme tiredness, anxiety,
restless, and nausea and vomiting suggest this remedy.
BELLADONNA– Fever with high temperature, red skin and dilated pupils. The person may have headache and dizziness.
CANTHARIS– Remedy for
insect stings when the affected part is very red, intensely burning, and
painful after a bite. Watery blisters may develop on the affected
part. Also remedy for urine infections with burning pain.
CARBO VEGETABILIS– Remedy for collapse with cold and clammy skin
COCCULUS INDICUS– Often
helpful for jet lag and motion sickness. This remedy can be taken every
twelve hours starting two days before the flight until three days after
the flight. .
HYPERICUM– For any injury
that involves nerve pain or injury. There may be tingling or numbness.
The person feels worse when he or she is touched or feels cold.
IPECACUANHA– Severe diarrhea
accompanied by nausea or vomiting. There may also be sharp pains and
frequent bowel movements with stools that may look slimy, frothy or
green.
LEDUM– Remedy for poison
oak and for bites and stings of any kind. The sting or bite may be
accompanied by swelling around the area, a bluish tinge to the skin, a
cold, numb feeling, and an ache. As a preventative measure, Ledum can
be taken for the three days prior to departure and for the duration of
the trip.
NUX VOMICA– Remedy for overindulgence in food and drink that brings on nausea headache and chilliness.
ALONG WITH THIS I HAD ALSO MADE LIST OF FEW EMERGENCY MEDICINE
The thing about emergencies is that you never know when one will arise.
So it is best to always be prepared, especially in this ever
changing world we live in. Having only a little homeopathic knowlege and
some basic remedies can make a huge difference in self care and the
care of others. In most emergencies the very first thing to do is ask
for help. This means offering a silent prayer for help from
divine sources as well as calling for help from ambulance, fire or
police.


HOMEOPATHY EMERGENCY MEDIICNE

Aconite 200C- For any emergency where there is a shock or sudden
event. This could be from a car accident to getting bad news to falling
down. Always remember Aconite
Arnica 200c - The first remedy to think of in trauma of any sort but
especially contussions and injuries from sprains and strains.
Arsenicum Album 30C - For acute food poisoning and most influenza.
Apis Mellifica 200C – For acute allergic reactions or anaphylactic shock. Insect bites and swellings that are hot and red.
Belladonna 200C - Great for head injuries, sunstroke, fever.
Bellis Perennis 30C- Injury to soft tissues, breast, stomach, testes.
Bryonia 30C- Influenza. Appendicitis. Does not want to move. Thirsty
Cactus Gradifloris 200C - Heart attack with the heart having a squeezed sensation.
Calendula 30C - Cuts, abrasions, septic conditions, burns.
Carbo Vegetablis 200C – Resuscitation after asphyxiation. Altitude sickness. Flatulence, food poisoning.
Chamomilla 200C - Ear infection, throat inflammation teething children. Acute over-reaction to pain.
Cocculus 30C- Travel sickness, motion sickness.
Eupatorium Perfoliatum 30C – Bone pain. Broken bones. Flu that feels like the bones hurt.
Euphrasia 30C – Eye injury. Eye irritation or allergies. Sneezing.
Gelsemium 30C- Anxiety from anticipation. Dysentery. Labor pain.
Hammemellis Virginica 30C- Bleeding and hemorrhage.
Hypericum 200C – Any injury to nerves or nerve rich places, ends of fingers, toes, nose, ears, penis. Spinal injury, whiplash.
Ignatia 200C – Acute grief from loss or bad news. Hysterical reactions.
Lachesis 200C - Poisoning, choking, apparent death. Snake bites, sore throats especially left-sided. Bleeding.
Ledum 30C - Puncture wounds, gunshot wounds. tetanus. Black eyes and after injury to the eye.
Natrum Carbonicum 30C – Sunstroke and all digestive disorders.
Natrum Sulphuricum 200C – Head injuries and asthma.
Nux Vomica 30C- Hangover. Acute gastric distress. Nausea and vomiting. Food poisoning.
Physostigma 30C – Eye injuries with pressure changes to the eye.
Pulsatilla 30C – Ear and throat infections. Lots of mucous. Teething in children.
Rhus Toxicodendron 30C – Influenza with body aches and restlessness.
Sprains and strains. Injuries to bone, tendons, ligaments. Better for
motion.
Ruta Graveolens 30C – Injury to bone and ligaments. Sprains and strains. Injuries to the eye.
Silica 30C – Removes foreign bodies, splinters, broken bone chips etc.
Staphysagria 30C – Urinary tract infections. Cuts and incisions from surgeries. After humiliation or abuse. Rape.
Symphytum 30C – Broken bones. Fractures. Contusion to the eye.
Urtica Urens 30C - Burns, scalds. sunburn. Characteristic pins and
needles feeling or stinging. Food poisoning. Ill effects of eating
shellfish. Bites of insects and stings.

This is a partial list only. Look up each of these remedies and
create your own small Materia Medica for each. Type this in a word
document and shrink to fit one page. Then fold this to fit your box of
remedies and use this as a quick guide to help you. The potencies were
selected for the intensity of conditions that may warrant the use of the
remedy. The 30C being acute and the 200C being a slightly stronger
expression. I have found these potencies to be the most useful in any
acute or emergency situation.
Study these remedies often and commit them to heart. Then in any
emergency you will have the knowledge and the remedy to use in an
instant. And remember to always ask for help.
USEFUL EXTERNAL REMEDIES AND TINCTURES
CALENDULA OINTMENT- disinfectant and soothing ointment for wounds
CANTHARIS OINNTMENT- best IN BURN BY FIRE OR CRACKERS
EUCALYPTUS OIL- repellent for ticks and fleas
TEA TREE OIL-universal disinfectant and repellent
URTICA URENS TINCTURE—for insect bites or poison ivy, wash affected area with tincture dissolved in water.
THANKS -DR AJAY YADAV

ROLE OF INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY IN CANCER
Interventional radiology has a great supportive role in diagnosis and management of malignancy. It adds new dimension to the facilities that can be offered to the patient in an institution.
Diagnosis- various deep-seated biopsies can be done under US and CT guidance. These would other wise need laprotomy. This small procedure can reduce morbidity and facilitate speedy treatment.
Various malignancies where interventional procedures can play a role are following:
1. Liver malignancies-primary and secondaries.
2. Malignant Biliary obstruction
3. Renal malignancies
4. Cervical and other pelvic malignancies.
5. Ca lung
6. GI bleeds.
7. Epistaxis- Secondary, Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
8. SVC Thrombosis- thrombolytic therapy.



Liver malignancies-primary small HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) when detected can be treated with PEIT (percutaneous ethanol injection treatment) or Radiofrequency ablation(RFA) or TACE (transarterial chemoembolisation).
In large inoperable HCC TACE can be done. This procedure involves embolisation of the selective feeding artery. The chemotherapeutic agent is epirubicin and the dose is calculated on body surface area. The epirubicin is mixed in 5-15ml of lipidol. The mixture is well shaken and injected into the feeding artery. The chemotherapeutic agent-lipidol mixture gets concentrated in the tumor tissue and washed off from the normal liver. At end of the injection, the artery is occluded with gelfoam.
Liver malignancies-Secondaries. – If there are few secondaries in the liver and primary lesion has been resected, then lesions less than 30mm can be treated with percutaneous ethanol injection treatment or high frequency thermal treatment.


Malignant Biliary obstruction
Inoperable patients of malignant biliary obstruction need palliation to reduce itching and jaundice to improve the quality of life and well-being. Procedures that can be performed are external drainage, external internal drainage, and biliary stenting. Metallic stents are preferred over plastic stents due to low profile and long patency of 6mths to one year. In case the lesion cannot be crossed then external biliary drainage is done.
Renal malignancy- Inoperable renal malignancies can have life-threatening hematuria. For this renal artery embolisation can be done. .
Alcohol ablation of the kidney can be performed using absolute alcohol. This procedure gives severe pain in there loin due to infarction. Also patient can suffer from nausea, vomiting, fever and leucocytosis. This needs symptomatic treatment for few days.
GI malignancies- The lesion that are causing excessive GI bleeding and the lesion is not amenable to immediate surgical treatment then embolisation of the visceral arteries can be done.

Cervical and other pelvic malignancies. Patients with carcinoma cervix can suffer from uncontrolled bleeding per vagina spontaneously or following radiotherapy. Here the uterine artery can be embolised. Similarly bladder malignancies with hematuria can be treated with embolisation of vesical arteries. In pelvis arteries of both sides are embolised, as rich anastomosis exists between two sides.
Lung malignancies patients with primary lung malignancies can suffer from massive hemoptysis. Embolisation of bronchial arteries can control such episodes.Radiofrequency ablation can also be offered in selected cases.
SVC(superior vena cava) syndrome. - Patients with carcinoma bronchus can invade mediastinum and obstruct SVC resulting in uncomfortable clinical features of SVC syndrome. Metallic stents can be placed to relieve such symptoms.
Also patients can develop SVC thrombosis. Here thrombolytic therapy can be done. This involves infusion of urokinase in the thrombus at the rate of 50,000-100,000 units/hour.

Head and neck malignancies- secondaries in nose or Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, which is a highly vascular tumor, can be embolised. This results less bleeding at the time of surgery and also complete removal of the tumor is possible.

There are large numbers of interventional procedures that can be helpful in diagnosis, treatment and palliation. These procedures save patients from a life threatening hemorrhage in malignancies. It helps in improving the level of medicare provided to the cancer patients in a given institution.