HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION ---HOW IT COMES AND SPREAD IN HUMAN BODY

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
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This report provides a synthesis of the current scientific evidence on the risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with sexual activities, injection and other drug use, and mother-to-child (vertical) transmission.
Sexual transmission of HIV;
Although there are challenges in quantifying risk by sex act, all studies consistently reported that anal intercourse is a higher risk act than vaginal intercourse, which in turn is a higher risk act than oral intercourse. There is also an increased risk associated with receptive intercourse (both vaginal and anal) compared with insertive intercourse(by penis).Vibrator if used immediately by two three sex performer Hiv positive and if blood or excessive secretion then only spread old used vibrator doesnot as dry up blood or secretions kill HIV.
The risk estimates for the sexual transmission of HIV, per sex act, range widely, from 0.5% to 3.38% (with mid-range estimates of 1.4% to 1.69%) for receptive anal intercourse; 0.06% to 0.16% for insertive anal intercourse; 0.08% to 0.19% for receptive vaginal intercourse (i.e., male-to-female); and approximately 0.05% to 0.1% for insertive vaginal intercourse (i.e., female-to-male). The risk of transmission from unprotected oral intercourse (whether penile-oral or vaginal-oral) is markedly lower than for anal or vaginal intercourse, and findings suggest a low but non-zero transmission probability. The risk of transmission to the receptive partner increases with ejaculation and the presence of oral ulcers and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the oropharynx or inside vagina or anuspresent as it cuase more rupture of mucosa so more blood contact or deeper penetration.
The strongest predictor of HIV sexual transmission is plasma viral load. As plasma viral load increases, the risk of transmission also increases. So if person tkes ARV AND VIRAL LOAD LESS TRANSMISSION IS LOW.
The presence of a concomitant STI has also been found to affect HIV transmission. STIs increase susceptibility to HIV by a factor of 2 to 4 and increase transmissibility 2 to 3 times.Male circumcision decreases the risk of female-to-male sexual transmission of HIV by 50% to 60%. However, there is little epidemiological evidence to suggest that circumcision reduces the risk of transmission to female partners of circumcised men or is effective in the prevention of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM).
HIV transmission among people who use drugs:
For people who inject drugs, the risk of transmission per injection from a contaminated needle has been estimated to be between 0.7% and 0.8%. However, studies of contact with improperly discarded needles outside of the healthcare setting suggest that such exposures represent a low risk for HIV transmission, likely due to the low viability of the virus outside the body.So old used razor blade or toilet sheet covered with old or or 30 minutes or more dry up secretion or blood doesnot transmit it and not on intact skin even blood mixed in water tub.Good volume of blood and that of highly infected person and direct contact is important for transmission SO BLOOD TRANSFUSION OF HIV POSITIVE TO HIV NEGATIVE CAUSE 100% TRANSMISSION.
People using non-injection drugs are also at risk of HIV infection. Drug OR EVEN ALCOHOL EXCESSIVE use can alter sexual behaviours by increasing risk taking. In addition, several drugs have been reported to be independent risk factors for HIV transmission.
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV:
In the absence of any preventive intervention, for example, highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), mother-to-child transmission (also known as “vertical” transmission) ranges from about 15% to 45% depending on whether breastfeeding alternatives are available. As with other modes of transmission, maternal plasma viral load has been consistently associated with the risk of vertical transmission. Since HAART, which is used to suppress viral replication, was introduced in 1997, the rate of mother-to-child transmission has dropped dramatically in Canada.

Beyond viral load, there are several factors associated with an increased risk of vertical transmission. Concurrent STIs and co-infection with either hepatitis C or active tuberculosis increase the risk of vertical transmission. While mode of delivery was once found to be associated with vertical transmission, since the introduction of HAART, studies indicate that there are probably no additional benefits to elective caesarean section for women with low viral loads.Obstetric events, including prolonged rupture of membranes and intrapartum use of fetal scalp electrodes or fetal scalp pH sampling, have been found to increase the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV.
Mother-to-child HIV transmission can also occur through breastfeeding. The probability of transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is in the range of 9% to 16%. Co-factors that are associated with risk of transmission from breastfeeding include duration and pattern of breastfeeding, maternal breast health, and high plasma or breast milk viral load.

HIV IS NOT SPREAD BY HUGGING SHAKING HANDS,USING CLOTH BED DRINKING EATING SHARING FOOD WATER AIR ,SALIVA,TEAR(VERY LESS)WITH HIV PATIENTS.ANY SECRETIONS OR BLOOD DRIED OR BEING EXPOSED MORE THAN 30 MINUTES ON RAZOR,BLADE ,HANDERCHIEF,TOOTH BRUSH,WATER TUB ,UTENSILS DOESNOT TRANSMIT AS VIRUS IS KILLED DIRECT CONTACT OF VAGINAL,SEMEN ,BODY FLUID OR BLOOD WITH BLOOD OR BREACHED SKIN OR MUCOSA MEMBRANE TRANSMIT IT.MULTIPLE PARTNERS ,HIGH VIRAL LOAD USUALLY TRANSMIT IT NOT SINGLE PARTNER MIXING ,LOW VIRAL LOAD ,KISSING HAVING NO LEAKED SKIN,MUCOSA USUALLY NOT TRANSMIT IT,USE OF CONDOM IS MUST AS IT PREVENT DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER STDS AND MIXING OF MORE GENOTYPES OR STRAIN OF HIV SO MAKING IT EASIER TO TREAT.
IF ARV GIVEN TO MOTHER OR INFECTED CHILD OR PROPHYLAXIS TO CLOSE CONTACT OR HEALTH PERSONNEL ITS TANSMISSION IS MORE EASILY CONTROLLED.