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Mar29
A Complete Guide of Kidney Stones
Introduction:
Kidney stones can cause intense pain and distress. Whether you’re experiencing symptoms or have received a diagnosis, finding a kidney specialist near you is essential for effective treatment and management. In this guide, we’ll delve into everything you need to know about kidney stones and how to locate a qualified urologist in Lucknow to assist you through this challenging condition.

Understanding Kidney Stones:

Kidney stones are hard deposits formed in the kidneys from minerals and salts found in urine. They can vary in size and shape, and often cause severe pain when they pass through the urinary tract. Common symptoms include sharp pain in the back, side, abdomen, or groin, along with nausea, vomiting, and blood in the urine.

Treatment Options:

Treatment for kidney stones depends on factors such as the size of the stone, its location, and the severity of symptoms. Options range from conservative measures like pain management and increased fluid intake to more invasive procedures such as lithotripsy or surgical removal. Consulting with a qualified urologist is essential to determine the most suitable course of action for your specific case.

Finding the Best Urologist in Lucknow:
When it comes to managing kidney stones, having a skilled and experienced urologist on your side is paramount. Here are some tips to help you find the best urology doctor in Lucknow:

1. Research Online: Start by searching online for urologists in Lucknow who specialize in treating kidney stones. Look for websites, directories, and patient reviews to gather information about their qualifications, experience, and patient satisfaction.

2. Ask for Recommendations: Reach out to friends, family members, or colleagues who have experience with kidney stones or urological issues. They may be able to recommend a reputable urologist in Lucknow based on their own positive experiences.

3. Check Credentials: Verify the credentials and certifications of potential urologists. Ensure they are board-certified, have relevant experience in treating kidney stones, and are affiliated with reputable medical institutions in Lucknow.

4. Schedule Consultations: Once you’ve shortlisted a few urologists, schedule consultations to meet them in person. Use this opportunity to discuss your condition, treatment options, and any concerns you may have. Pay attention to the urologist’s communication style, empathy, and willingness to address your questions and fears.

5. Consider Accessibility: Choose a urologist whose clinic or hospital is conveniently located in Lucknow and offers flexible appointment scheduling. This ensures that you can access timely care and follow-up visits without undue inconvenience.

Conclusion:
Dealing with kidney stones can be challenging, but with the right support and guidance from a skilled urologist, you can effectively manage this condition and improve your quality of life. By following the tips outlined in this guide, you’ll be well-equipped to find the best urology doctor in Lucknow who can provide personalized care and help you navigate through your kidney stone journey with confidence and ease.

Don't hesitate to reach out to us in case of any Kidney stone related problems.

Dr. Abhishek Kumar Singh - Urologist in Lucknow
Address : Deepak Life Sciences Hospital & Trauma Center, Diguria, Aziz Nagar, Madiyanva, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226020
Contact no: 089487 45229
Map Location : https://maps.app.goo.gl/9ydEkrAQ7EapGMvL8


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Jun06
Kidney Replacement Therapy In COVID-19 Induced Kidney Failure And Septic Shock | Dr. Sidharth Kumar Sethi
The recent worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 has had a detrimental worldwide impact on people of all ages. Although data from China and the United States indicate that pediatric cases often have a mild course and are less severe in comparison to adults, there have been several cases of kidney failure and multisystem inflammatory syndrome reported. As such, we believe that the world should be prepared if the severity of cases begins to further increase within the pediatric population. Therefore, we provide here a position paper centered on emergency preparation with resource allocation for critical COVID-19 cases within the pediatric population, specifically where renal conditions worsen due to the onset of AKI.

About Dr.

Dr. Sidharth Kumar Sethi
Kidney & Urology Institute
He was trained as a Fellow (International Pediatric Nephrology Association Fellowship) and Senior Resident in Pediatric Nephrology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, California. He has been actively involved in the care of children with all kinds of complex renal disorders, including nephrotic syndrome, tubular disorders, urinary tract infections, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and renal transplantation. He has been a part of 8-member writing committee for the guidelines of Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome and Expert committee involved in the formulation of guidelines of Pediatric Renal Disorders including Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome and urinary tract infections. He has more than 30 indexed publications in Pediatric Nephrology and chapters in reputed textbooks including Essential Pediatrics (Editors O.P. Ghai) and “Pediatric Nephrology” (Editors A Bagga, RN Srivastava). He is a part of Editorial Board of “World Journal of Nephrology” and “eAJKD- Web version of American Journal of Kidney Diseases”. He is a reviewer for Pediatric Nephrology related content for various Pediatric and Nephrology journals

For more information = http://www.pediatricnephrologyindia.com/


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Apr28
Best Pediatric Nephrologist in India, Child Kidney Specialist in Delhi, Child Kidney Doctor in Delhi, Gurgaon - Dr. Sidharth Kumar Sethi
Kidney & Urology Institute
He was trained as a Fellow (International Pediatric Nephrology Association Fellowship) and Senior Resident in Pediatric Nephrology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Cedars Sinai Medical Centre, Los Angeles, California. He has been actively involved in the care of children with all kinds of complex renal disorders, including nephrotic syndrome, tubular disorders, urinary tract infections, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and renal transplantation. He has been a part of 8-member writing committee for the guidelines of Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome and Expert committee involved in the formulation of guidelines of Pediatric Renal Disorders including Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome and urinary tract infections. He has more than 30 indexed publications in Pediatric Nephrology and chapters in reputed textbooks including Essential Pediatrics (Editors O.P. Ghai) and “Pediatric Nephrology” (Editors A Bagga, RN Srivastava). He is a part of Editorial Board of “World Journal of Nephrology” and “eAJKD- Web version of American Journal of Kidney Diseases”. He is a reviewer for Pediatric Nephrology related content for various Pediatric and Nephrology journals


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May05
Kidney Cyst - How Homeopathy Can Help?
A cyst that grows on the surface of the kidneys or inside the kidneys is known as a kidney cyst or a renal cyst. These cysts can be described as fluid-filled sacs that cause the kidneys to be enlarged and reduce their functioning capacity.

Symptoms of Polycystic Kidney Disease

Dull aching in loins.
Vague abdominal pain.
Frequent urination.
Haematuria.
Headache.
Drowsiness.
Anorexia.
Signs

Anaemia: moderate to severe.
Blood pressure: raised.
On palpation abdomen
Enlarged irregular kidneys.
Large knobby renal masses.
Enlarged polycystic liver (50% cases).
If not addressed in time, renal cysts can lead to kidney failure and hence be fatal. Thankfully, with homoeopathy, you can treat these cysts with negligible side effects. Some of the most well-known homoeopathic remedies for renal cysts are:

Apis mellifica: This homoeopathic remedy is often prescribed for acute forms of renal cysts. In such cases, the patient usually experiences swelling of the face, hands and feet, headaches and back pain. They may also experience a dull pain in the kidneys and have scanty urine. A study of the urine typically reveals high amounts of albumen along with blood corpuscles. The patient may also complain of a feeling of suffocation.
Arsenicum: Arsenicum is a common remedy for Kidney cysts. It is especially effective in cases where the cysts cause a waxen appearance, paleness, excessive thirst, diarrhoea and dropsy. Patients who benefit from arsenicum typically have dark urine with high amounts of albumen. They may also complain of dyspnoea attacks that are aggravated by lying down and relieved by expectorating mucus.
Phosphorus: Characteristic symptoms of kidney cysts that can be treated with phosphorus include tiredness and muscle pain all over the body, increased drowsiness and having very cold hands and feet. Unlike other ailments in this case the patient usually feels most tired on waking up. He may also complain of internal body heat without having an urge to drink water. Forgetfulness, giddiness and headaches are other symptoms that can be addressed by phosphorus. He may also find it difficult to lie on his side and complain of nausea and vomiting.
Digitalis: Kidney cysts that are accompanied by cardiovascular symptoms such as a feeble pulse can be treated with this homoeopathic remedy. It can also be sued to address dark and scanty urine, rheumatic pains, weak circulation and faintness of the stomach.
Other homoeopathic remedies for kidney cysts include belladonna, plumbum, glonoine, apocynum and cantharis. Homoeopathy addresses the body as a whole and not just the symptoms presented and hence is considered a holistic form of treatment. It is also favoured by many since it has negligible side effects. However, that should not imply that homoeopathy is safe to self-medicate with. With homoeopathy, what works for one person may not work for another, Hence. if you begin experiencing pain in your kidneys or any of the other symptoms associated with this condition, you must consult a homoeopathic doctor to get the right medication.


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Feb19
Micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy (microperc) vs retrograde intrarenal surgery for the management of small renal calculi: a randomized controlled trial (British Journal of Urology International)
Objective
To compare micropercutaneous nephrolithotomy
(microperc) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for
the management of renal calculi <1.5 cm with regard to
stone clearance rates and surgical characteristics,
complications and postoperative recovery.
Patients and Methods
Seventy patients presenting with renal calculi <1.5 cm
were equally randomized to a microperc or a RIRS group
between February 2011 and August 2012 in this
randomized controlled trial. Randomization was based
on centralized computer-generated numbers. Patients
and authors assessing the outcomes were not blinded to
the procedure.
Microperc was performed using a 4.85-F (16-gauge)
needle with a 272-mm laser fibre. RIRS was performed
using a uretero-renoscope.
Variables studied were stone clearance rates, operating
time, need for JJ stenting, intra-operative and
postoperative complications (according to the
ClavienDindo classification system), surgeon discomfort
score, postoperative pain score, analgesic requirement
and hospital stay.
Stone clearance was assessed using ultrasonography and
X-ray plain abdominal film of kidney, ureter and bladder
at 3 months.
Results
There were 35 patients in each group. All the patients
were included in the final analysis.
The stone clearance rates in the microperc and RIRS
groups were similar (97.1 vs 94.1%, P = 1.0).
The mean [SD] operating time was similar between the
groups (51.6 [18.5] vs 47.1 [17.5], P = 0.295). JJ stenting
was required in a lower proportion of patients in the
microperc group (20 vs 62.8%, P < 0.001). Intra-operative
complications were a minor pelvic perforation in one
patient and transient haematuria in two patients, all in
the microperc group. One patient in each group required
conversion to miniperc.
One patient in the microperc group needed RIRS for
small residual calculi 1 day after surgery. The decrease in
haemoglobin was greater in the microperc group (0.96 vs
0.56 g/dL, P < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative
fever (Clavien I) was similar in the two groups (8.6 vs
11.4%, P = 1.0). None of the patients in the study
required blood transfusion.
The mean [SD] postoperative pain score at 24 h was
slightly higher in the microperc group (1.9 [1.2] vs 1.6
[0.8], P = 0.045). The mean [SD] analgesic requirement
was higher in the microperc group (90 [72] vs 40 [41]
mg tramadol, P < 0.001). The mean [SD] hospital stay was
similar in the two groups (57 [22] vs 48 [18] h, P = 0.08).
Conclusions
Microperc is a safe and effective alternative to RIRS for
the management of small renal calculi and has similar
stone clearance and complication rates when compared
to RIRS.
Microperc is associated with higher haemoglobin loss,
increased pain and higher analgesic requirements, while
RIRS is associated with a higher requirement for JJ
stenting.


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Jan02
Neurology
If you are suffering from a multiple sclerosis, then you must consume vitamin D3, as it can boost up your immune system.

The research undertaken by researchers of Johns Hopkins Medicine have found that taking a high dose of vitamin D3 is safe for people with multiple sclerosis as it may help regulate the body's hyperactive immune response.

Lead researcher Prof Peter Calabresi, M.D., director of the Johns Hopkins Multiple Sclerosis Center and professor neurology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine said that the vitamin D has the potential to be an inexpensive, safe and convenient treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (MS).

He added that the Low levels of vitamin D in the blood are tied to an increased risk of developing MS. People who have MS and low levels of vitamin D are more likely to have greater disability and more disease activity.

The research concluded that the side effects from the vitamin supplements were minor and were not different between the people taking the high dose and the people taking the low dose.

The study is published in the Journal of Neurology.


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Mar05
Cystoscopy
Introduction
A cystoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the bladder.
It's carried out using a cystoscope, a thin, fibreoptic tube that has a light and a camera at one end.
The cystoscope is inserted into the urethra and is moved up into the bladder (the urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder, out of the body). The camera relays images to a screen where they can be seen by the urologist (specialist in treating bladder conditions).
There are two types of cystoscope:
Flexible cystoscope a thin, flexible tube used when the only purpose of a cystoscopy is to look inside your bladder
Rigid cystoscope a thin, straight metal tube that's used for passing small surgical instruments down through the cystoscope to remove a tissue sample or to carry out treatment
Most cystoscopies are performed as outpatient procedures, so you'll be able to go home on the same day.
What is a cystoscopy used for?
A cystoscopy can be used to investigate and treat symptoms and conditions that affect the bladder and urinary system. For example, it can be used to:
Check for abnormalities in the bladder
Remove a sample of bladder tissue for further testing (a biopsy) in cases of suspected cancer
Treat certain bladder conditions, such as removing small bladder stones
The results of a cystoscopy are usually available to discuss within a few days. However, if a biopsy is necessary it may take several weeks for the results to become available.
Is a cystoscopy painful?
You shouldn't feel any serious pain as a flexible cystoscopy is usually carried out using a local anaesthetic gel or spray to numb the urethra. A rigid cystoscopy is usually done under general anaesthetic (where you are asleep), or a spinal anaesthetic (epidural) that numbs all feeling below your spine.
However, for some people the procedure may feel uncomfortable and you may have mild side effects afterwards, such as muscle pain, nausea and blood in your urine.
You may also feel a burning sensation when passing urine for a few days after the procedure.
Complications of a cystoscopy
It's rare to experience serious complications after a cystoscopy, but you should contact Dr. B C Shah if you're having difficulty passing urine for more than eight hours after the procedure. You may have a swollen urethra.
There's also a small risk of developing a urinary tract infection (UTI) that affects your urethra, bladder or kidneys. You should see Dr. B C Shah if you experience symptoms of infection such as a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above.
Why a cystoscopy is needed
A cystoscopy can be used to investigate problems with your bladder or urinary system, or it may be used as part of a medical procedure.
Investigating symptoms
You may need to have a cystoscopy if you experience symptoms that suggest there's something wrong with your bladder. For example:
Urinary incontinence the involuntary passing of urine
Blood in your urine (haematuria)
Persistent pelvic pain
Pain or a burning sensation when you pass urine (dysuria)
Frequently needing to urinate
Having a sudden urge to urinate
Not being able to pass urine or only being able to pass urine intermittently (stop-start)
Having a feeling that your bladder isn't completely empty after passing urine
Investigating conditions
A cystoscopy may also be needed if you have a condition that affects your urinary system, such as a bladder tumour or a blocked urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body).
Other conditions that a cystoscopy may be used to detect or monitor include:
Serious or repeated infections
Polyps (non-cancerous growths)
Enlarged prostate where the prostate becomes enlarged
Bladder stones
A narrowed or blocked urethra (urethral stricture)
Problems with the ureters (the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder)
Carrying out procedures
Dr. B C Shah can carry out a number of medical procedures using surgical instruments that are passed down the side channels of the cystoscope. These include:
Removal of a stone from the bladder or ureter
Obtaining a urine sample from each of the ureters to check for an infection or tumour
Removing a sample of tissue for testing in cases of suspected bladder cancer (biopsy)
Inserting a stent (a small tube) into a narrowed ureter to help the flow of urine
Injecting dye into the ureters up towards the kidneys which will be highlighted on an X-ray and will help identify problems, such as a blockage or a kidney stone
How a cystoscopy is performed
Before your appointment to have a cystoscopy, you will be sent information and instructions to follow.
If you're having a local anaesthetic you can eat and drink normally on the day of the appointment.
If you're having a spinal anaesthetic (epidural) or general anaesthetic, you won't be able to eat or drink for several hours before the procedure. Details of the exact number of hours will be included in the information leaflet that's sent to you.
Most prescription medication can be taken as usual on the day of your appointment. However, you may not be able to take aspirin, warfarin or ibuprofen, because they could cause excessive bleeding during the procedure.
If you're taking one of these medications, contact Dr. B C Shah for advice before your appointment. You may have to temporarily stop taking the medication.
The cystoscopy procedure
In most cases, a cystoscopy can be performed on an outpatient basis, which means that you will be able to go home on the same day.
When it's time for you to have the procedure, you'll be asked to empty your bladder by going to the toilet, before changing into a surgery gown. You may also be given an injection of antibiotics to reduce your risk of developing a bladder infection.
If you are having a local anaesthetic, an anaesthetic gel or spray will be applied to your urethra to numb it. If you're having an epidural or general anaesthetic, you will be given an injection of anaesthetic.
The cystoscope is lubricated with a special gel before being gently inserted into your urethra and passed into your bladder. Sterile water will be pumped through the cystoscope to expand your bladder. This enables Dr. B C Shah to get clearer view inside your bladder.
The cystoscope is usually kept in your bladder for between two and 10 minutes.
What to expect during a cystoscopy
People are often concerned that having a tube inserted into their urethra and up into their bladder will be painful. A cystoscopy isn't usually painful but it may sometimes be uncomfortable.
If you're having a cystoscopy under a local anaesthetic, you may feel a burning sensation and an urge to urinate when the cystoscope is inserted into and then removed from your urethra.
You may also feel an uncomfortable sensation of fullness and a need to urinate when water is pumped into your bladder to expand it.
If you're having an epidural, you may feel a brief stinging sensation when the needle is inserted into your back, and you may experience some mild back pain after the procedure has been completed.
If you're having a general anaesthetic, you won't feel any pain during the procedure. However, you may experience mild symptoms of muscle pain and nausea after the cystoscopy.
Results
In some cases, the urologist will be able to discuss the results of your cystoscopy and any associated implications with you as soon as you recover from the anaesthetic. However, it can sometimes take a few days for the results to become available. If a biopsy (tissue sample) was taken, it may take several weeks for the results to come back.
Recovering from a cystoscopy
The type of anaesthetic that's used will affect how long it takes to recover from a cystoscopy. It is also normal to experience some side effects for a few days afterwards.
Anaesthetic
If you have a local anaesthetic before having a cystoscopy, you will be able to go home as soon as the procedure has finished.
If you have a spinal anaesthetic (epidural) or general anaesthetic, it usually takes one to four hours to recover from its effects, so you'll need to arrange for someone to accompany you home.
After having a spinal or general anaesthetic, you should rest for the 24 hours following the procedure. Avoid driving, operating complex or heavy machinery and drinking alcohol during this period of time.
Side effects
Most people will experience a burning pain when passing urine during the first few days after a cystoscopy. This is normal and should stop within a few days.
Having blood in your urine or bleeding from your urethra is also common in the first few days after a cystoscopy, particularly in cases where the procedure is used to carry out a biopsy. Drinking plenty of water to avoid dehydration can help to ease both of these symptoms.
You should only be concerned about bleeding if:
Your urine becomes so bloody that you can't see through it
You notice clots of tissue in your urine
It lasts for more than a few days
If any of these occur, you should contact Dr. B C Shah for advice .
Risks of a cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is usually a safe procedure and serious complications are rare. Occasionally, there may be problems passing urine or an infection may develop.
Swollen urethra
A swollen urethra can make it difficult to pass urine. The urethra is the tube through which urine is passed from the bladder, out of your body when you urinate. However, the swelling should pass within a few days.
If you're unable to pass urine for more than eight hours after having a cystoscopy, you should contact hospital staff.
Damage to the urethra is slightly more common after a procedure where a rigid cystoscope needed to be used instead of a flexible cystoscope. You may need to have a catheter (thin tube) inserted through your urethra for a few hours afterwards to drain your bladder.
Urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are an infection of your urethra, bladder or kidneys. Symptoms of a UTI can include:
A burning sensation when urinating that lasts longer than two days
a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above
Unpleasant smelling urine
Nausea
Vomiting
Pain in your lower back or side
Contact Dr. B C Shah as soon as possible if you have any of the above symptoms. Most UTIs can be successfully treated with antibiotics.


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Mar04
Urinary Tract Infection
Introduction
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection that occurs in the urinary tract (any part of the body used to make and get rid of urine).
Symptoms of a UTI in babies and infants include:
Vomiting
High temperature of or above 38C (100.4F)
Irritability
Appearing lazy and sluggish (lethargic)
Symptoms of a UTI in older children include:
frequent passing of urine
complaining of pain or a burning sensation when passing urine
When to seek medical advice
Always contact Dr. B C Shah if you think your child has a UTI. This is not usually a serious type of infection but it does need to be properly diagnosed and treated by a doctor.
Treatment
Most cases of UTIs can be successfully treated with antibiotics.
As a precaution, babies under three months old are usually admitted to hospital, as are children with more severe symptoms.
Many older children can be treated safely at home.
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is where our bodies make and get rid of urine. It is made up of:
The kidneys: two bean-shaped organs that make urine out of waste materials from the blood
The ureters: tubes that run from the kidneys to the bladder
The bladder: where urine is stored until we go to the toilet
The urethra: the tube through which urine passes out of the body
Causes
UTIs develop when part of the urinary tract becomes infected, usually by bacteria. Bacteria can enter the urinary system through the urethra or, more rarely, through the bloodstream.
In many cases of urinary tract infection in children, there is no apparent cause. However, several factors which increase the risk of a UTI developing include:
Constipation, which can place pressure on the bladder, making it more vulnerable to infection
Dysfunctional voiding: a relatively common childhood condition where a child holds on to their urine even though they have an urge to urinate
Types of urinary tract infection
There are two types of UTI:
A lower UTI is an infection of the lower part of the urinary tract, which includes the bladder and the urethra. An infection of the bladder is called cystitis, and an infection of the urethra is known as urethritis.
An upper UTI is an infection of the upper part of the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys and the ureters. Upper UTIs are potentially more serious because there is a risk of kidney damage. An infection of the kidneys is known as pyelonephritis.
Who is affected
UTIs are a relatively common infection during childhood.
During the first year of life they are more common in boys then girls, but this changes as children grow older.
It is estimated that around 1 in 10 girls and 1 in 50 boys will develop a UTI at some point between their first and second birthday.
The frequency of infection drops as children grow older, but can rise in women again once they become sexually active (sexual activity is a risk factor for UTIs in adults).
Outlook
Treatment for UTIs in children is usually very effective, with symptoms cleared up quickly.
It is important to always seek prompt treatment if you think your child has a UTI (or any other type of infection), as if left untreated complications can occur, such as:
Scarring of the kidneys, which in later life can cause high blood pressure
Kidney disease
Symptoms of UTIs in children
Symptoms of childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs) can vary depending on the age of the child.
Babies under three months
In babies under three months, symptoms of a UTI (ranked in order of most common to least common) are:
High temperature of or above 38C (100.4F)
Vomiting
Lethargy (lack of energy)
Irritability
Poor feeding
Failure to thrive (not developing at the expected rate)
Abdominal pain
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice)
Blood in their urine
Unpleasant smelling urine
Older infants
In infants older than three months but not old enough to talk, symptoms of a UTI (ranked in order of most to least common) are:
High temperature of or above 38C (100.4F)
Abdominal pain
A feeling of tenderness around their pelvis
Vomiting
Poor feeding
Lethargy
Irritability
Blood in their urine
Unpleasant smelling urine
Failure to thrive
In children old enough to talk, symptoms of a UTI (ranked in order of most to least common) are:
A frequent need to urinate
Pain or a burning sensation during urination (dysuria)
D51eliberately holding in their urine
A change in their normal toilet habits, such as wetting themselves or wetting the bed
A feeling of tenderness around their pelvis
Fever
A general sense of feeling unwell
Blood in their urine
Unpleasant smelling urine
Cloudy urine
When to seek medical advice
You should always contact Dr. B C Shah if your child develops any symptoms listed above.
Most UTIs that occur during childhood are mild and are not a cause for concern, but do usually require treatment with antibiotics to reduce the duration of infection and any risk of complications.
Causes of UTI
Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by bacteria that live in the digestive system. If these bacteria get into the urethra (the tube through which urine passes), they can cause infection.
In young children this can often occur when they wipe their bottom after going to the toilet, and soiled toilet paper comes in contact with their genitals.
Young girls are more at risk than boys from UTIs because there is less distance between their bottom and their urethra.
Babies who soil their nappies can also sometimes get small particles of stool into their urethra. Modern nappies are designed to prevent this, but it can occur by accident if a baby squirms a lot when being changed.
There are also several conditions that can increase the risk of UTIs occurring. These are outlined below.
Constipation
Constipation does not usually have obvious causes, but can sometimes result from lack of fibre in a childs diet. Constipation is a relatively common condition among children.
Constipation can cause the rectum (the part of the large intestine that connects to the anus) to swell, which can put pressure on the bladder, preventing it from emptying normally. The remaining urine can then become infected by bacteria.
Read more about constipation in children.
Dysfunctional voiding
Dysfunctional voiding is a relatively common condition among children. It occurs when a child holds on to their urine even though they have the urge to urinate. This can occur as a result of nerve damage, but can also be due to habit, which may be difficult for the child to break.
For example, young children at playschool or primary school may be nervous or embarrassed about asking to use the toilet, so they may hold onto their urine until they go home.
Children usually grow out of dysfunctional voiding as they start to adopt more regular bathroom habits. However, some children may need special training.
Vesicoureteral reflux
Vesicoureteral reflux is an uncommon condition in which urine leaks back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is estimated that one in 50 girls and one in 200 boys under the age of 12 are affected by vesicoureteral reflux.
There are two types of vesicoureteral reflux:
Primary vesicoureteral reflux is caused by a defect present before birth. There is usually a valve between the bladder and the ureters that prevents urine leaking back out of the bladder. In children who have primary vesicoureteral reflux, the valve does not function properly, and urine is able to flow out of the bladder and back up the ureter to the kidney.
Secondary vesicoureteral reflux is caused by a condition that occurs after birth. For example, urine flow from the bladder may be blocked, or a lower UTI may cause the ureters to become so inflamed and swollen that the one-way valves in the ureters fail, allowing urine to flow both ways.
The danger with vesicoureteral reflux is that a lower UTI can quickly turn into a more dangerous upper UTI, because infected urine can move out of the bladder and back into the ureters and kidneys.
Primary vesicoureteral reflux usually clears up in children as they get older. However, if it is felt a child has a high risk of developing upper UTIs, they may be prescribed an antibiotic to take in the long-term.
Although UTIs can easily be treated with antibiotics and risk of complications is low, if left untreated they can cause kidney scarring. Scarring can occur over time when there is a backup of urine that exposes the kidneys to higher-than-normal pressure. Extensive scarring may lead to high blood pressure and end-stage kidney disease (also known as kidney failure), where kidneys lose most or all of their functioning abilities.
If a child has severe, persistent or recurring vesicoureteral reflux, then surgery is sometimes a treatment option.
Diagnosing UTIs
Children with symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI) should always have their urine tested because an accurate diagnosis is important for treatment.
An exception may be made for girls over three years of age who have typical symptoms of cystitis (infection of the bladder), such as urinating more frequently and pain when passing urine.
Urine sample
A urine test is also useful for ruling out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as type 1 diabetes.
If your child has a temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above (a fever), and the doctor is unable to find an obvious cause, your childs urine should be tested within 24 hours.
If your child does not have a fever but has other symptoms of a UTI, a urine test will still be required. However, the urine test does not need to be carried out as quickly, and it might be reasonable to wait more than 24 hours to have it done.
In young children, it is very important to make an accurate diagnosis. However, it can be difficult to obtain a clean urine sample from young children because they are often unable to pass urine into a specimen bottle. Also, if the inside rim of the specimen bottle is touched, it will affect the quality of the sample. Therefore, it may be necessary to carry out the test in hospital where health professionals with skill in obtaining a sample are available.
If there is an urgent need to obtain a sample then a small plastic tube, called a catheter, can be placed into your childs urethra (the tube through which urine passes out of the body). The catheter will be guided up into the bladder and used to drain out a small sample of urine for testing.
This tends to only be used in more serious cases as children can find the experience upsetting.
Further testing
Further testing is usually only required if your child's UTI symptoms are different from common symptoms (atypical). Examples of atypical symptoms include:
Being seriously ill
Reduced urine flow
A noticeable lump or mass in their abdomen (stomach) or bladder
Testing which shows the bacteria has spread from their urinary tract to their blood
They failed to respond to antibiotic treatment within 48 hours
The infection was caused by bacteria other than the Eschericia coli (E. coli) bacteria
Further testing is also required if your child has previously had:
Two or more upper UTIs
One upper UTI, plus one or more lower UTIs
Three or more lower UTIs
A typical symptoms and recurring UTIs could be due to underlying problems with your childs urinary tract infection that will require further investigation.
Tests and procedures commonly used to investigate the urinary tract are described below.
Ultrasound scan
An ultrasound scan is usually the first procedure used to assess the urinary tract. The ultrasound scan uses sound waves to build up a picture of the inside of your child's body.
An ultrasound scan is a useful way of assessing whether there are any obvious abnormalities in your childs urinary tract, such as an unusually narrow ureter (the tube that runs from the kidneys to the bladder) a bladder stone, or kidney stone.
DMSA Scan
A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan is used to assess the state of the kidney. A DMSA scan is usually carried out six months after an acute atypical UTI (a UTI with unusual symptoms) or after the last episode of a series of recurring UTIs.
A DMSA scan is used to assess whether your childs kidneys have been damaged, or if there are any abnormalities with the kidneys that are making them vulnerable to recurring UTIs. DMSA is a mildly radioactive substance that shows up on a special camera, known as a gamma camera.
During the procedure, your child will be injected with DMSA. After an hour, the DMSA will build up inside the kidneys. DMSA only attaches itself to healthy tissue, so is a useful method of locating any damaged kidney tissue.
The gamma camera is used to take a series of pictures of your childs kidneys. It usually takes about 30 minutes to complete the scan. During this time it is important for your child to remain as still as possible, so it may be a good idea to bring their favourite book or toy to help them relax during the scan.
A DMSA scan is not painful because local anaesthetic is used to numb the site of the injection. However, the gamma camera is quite large, so younger children may find the experience upsetting. Explaining exactly what will happen and what to expect before the scan may help reassure your child.
After the scan, the DMSA will pass harmlessly out of your childs body in their urine. Their urine will be slightly radioactive, but is not harmful to your child or other people. However, as a precaution, it is recommended you wash your hands after changing your childs nappy, and dispose their nappies in a sealed plastic bag.
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)
Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG) is a procedure used to study the bladder rather than the kidneys.
MCUG is used to check your child does not have vesicoureteral reflux (a condition where urine leaks back up from the bladder towards the kidneys). As with a DMSA scan, it is important for your child to stay as still as possible during the MCUG procedure. Very young children and babies may need to be wrapped tightly in blankets to help prevent them moving during the procedure.
During MCUG, your child will lie on a bed or treatment table and a catheter will be used to pass a special type of liquid, known as a contrast agent, into their bladder. Like DMSA, the contrast agent shows up very clearly on an X-ray.
An X-ray film will then be taken as the contrast agent is passed out of your childs bladder, in the same way that their urine passes out.
If the X-ray film shows some of the contrast agent leaking back out of the bladder towards the kidneys, it is likely that your child has vesicoureteral reflux.
Most cases of vesicoureteral reflux resolve without the need for treatment as a child gets older. Your child may be prescribed a long-term course of low-dose antibiotics to help prevent them from developing another UTI, until the condition resolves.
The MCUG procedure is not painful and takes around 30 minutes to complete. However, it is likely your child will feel mild discomfort when the catheter is first inserted into their urethra.
The X-rays will expose your child to a low dose of radiation that is entirely safe. The levels of radiation used are the same as the amount of radiation your child would be exposed to by natural sources (background radiation) over the course of three to six months.
Treating UTIs
If your child is younger than three months old, they will be referred to a doctor who specialises in the care of children (paediatrician).
Your baby will usually be treated in hospital using an intravenous drip (where a tube containing antibiotics is directly connected to their vein). They should recover from the UTI within 24 to 48 hours.
Children over three months old
If your child is over three months old and it is felt they are at risk of serious complications, then you can contact Dr. B C Shah.
Signs that indicate your child may develop serious complications from a UTI include:
A recurring high temperature of 38C (100.4F) or above
Dehydration, which can cause them to appear drowsy and have few or no tears when crying
Being sick
A known condition that affects their urinary system
A history of kidney disease in your family
If your child is very young, Dr. B C Shah may decide to refer them for hospital treatment, even if there is not an obvious risk they will develop serious complications.
If it is felt there is no risk of serious complications developing, or if the risk is low, you may be able to treat your child at home. The infection can be treated using oral antibiotics, and paracetamol can be used to treat symptoms of fever or discomfort.
For lower UTIs, a three-day course of antibiotics is usually recommended. For upper UTIs, a seven-day course of antibiotics is usually recommended. Children who are unable to swallow tablets or capsules can be given antibiotics and paracetamol in liquid form.
Your child should recover from the UTI within 24 to 48 hours. However, it is very important they finish the prescribed course of antibiotics to prevent the infection recurring.
After taking antibiotics, some children may experience side effects. However, any side effects will usually pass after your child stops taking the antibiotics. Side effects may include:
Feeling sick (nausea)
Vomiting
Upset stomach
Diarrhoea
Loss of appetite
A very small number of children (less than one in 5,000) may experience a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to antibiotics that contain penicillin. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to penicillin include:
A rash
Swelling of the hands, feet and face
Shortness of breath
If your child experiences these symptoms, you should immediately dial 999 for an ambulance and tell the operator you think anaphylaxis has occurred.
Treating constipation
It is important to treat constipation in children promptly because it is a major risk factor for developing UTIs.
As with babies and adults, children with constipation will first be advised to change their diet. If this fails, laxatives can be prescribed. An osmotic laxative is usually prescribed, followed if necessary by a stimulant laxative.
Osmotic laxatives increase the amount of fluid in your childs bowels. This helps to soften your childs stools, making it easier for them to pass them out of their body.
Stimulant laxatives stimulate the muscles that line the digestive tract, helping to move stools along your childs large intestine to their anus (the point at which waste products leave the body).
As well as eating plenty of fruit, older children should have a well balanced diet that contains vegetables and wholegrain foods, such as wholemeal bread and pasta.
Surgery
Surgery is usually only recommended if :
Your child has severe, persistent or recurring vesicoureteral reflux (where urine leaks back up from the bladder and into the ureters and kidneys), and
They are having reoccurring UTIs that could result in permanent scarring of their kidneys
Surgery aims to repair the valve between the bladder and each affected ureter that keeps it from closing and stopping urine from flowing backward. The two types of surgery used are:
Open surgery. This type of surgery is performed under general anaesthetic and your child will usually need to stay in hospital for a few days. A catheter may be used to drain your child's bladder. The risks of open surgery can include infection, blood clots and bleeding.
Endoscopic surgery. This type of surgery is less invasive compared to open surgery but is not always as effective. A cystoscopy allows the doctor to see inside your child's bladder and inject a bulking agent to try to strengthen the defective valve. Endoscopic surgery is also performed under general anaesthetic, but can usually be performed as an outpatient procedure rather than needing an overnight stay.
Preventing UTIs
It is not possible to prevent all childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs), but the advice listed below may help reduce their frequency.
Breastfeeding your baby may lower the risk of them developing a UTI. However, the effect takes time to build up, only providing protection after three months of breastfeeding.
Encourage your child to wipe their bottom from front to back. This will help to minimise the chances of bacteria entering the urethra (the tube through which urine passes).
Encourage boys to clean around their foreskin regularly. Bacteria can build up there and enter the urethra. If your childs foreskin is still fixed (does not retract), you should not attempt to clean under it because doing so may damage the surrounding area.
Encourage children to go to the toilet regularly at least every four hours, and before having a bath and going to bed.
Avoid nylon and other types of synthetic underwear. These can help promote the growth of bacteria. Loose-fitting cotton underwear should be worn instead.
Drinking cranberry juice can help prevent UTIs, but be careful to limit the amount your child drinks because too much can cause diarrhoea. Three glasses of low-sugar cranberry juice a day is a safe amount for most children. Cranberry juice is not suitable for children with diabetes, or for those taking warfarin (a blood-thinning medicine). Higher-strength cranberry capsules are also available, but are not suitable for children aged under 12.
Recurrent urinary tract infections
A small number of children have recurring UTIs. If your child has previously had a UTI, it is important both of you watch for the return of any associated symptoms.
Tell Dr. B C Shah of any symptoms as soon as possible so a diagnosis can be confirmed and treatment can begin.

- See more at: http://drbcshah.com/urinary-tract-infection/#sthash.vcyWQQsv.dpuf


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Feb22
Remove my stones but not my gall bladder
A 30 year old educated female along with her husband came for consultation.
Before I could ask what was her medical problem she said, "Doctor, I have just been diagnosed to have gall stones. Can you remove my stone but keep the Gall bladder? i do not want to lose my organ., I need it for my digestion & I am too young to lose it. Ultimately God must have given it so it must have some inportant function!"
After asking her symptoms, examining her and studying the ultrasonography report I gave my verdict, "You need removal of gall stones. The International Gold Standard treatment for gallstone disease is removal of gall bladder along with stones.
After few seconds of silence, the husband spoke," Doctor I had kidney stones treated. My surgeon only removed the stones but not the Kidney. Why is it that you are saying that we need to remove the Gall bladder? Can we not remove just the stones?"
Intelligent comparision. Almost all patients have this worry removal of an organ. Generally this worry is more when one is young.


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Feb12
Cystitis
Introduction
Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. It's usually caused by an infection in the bladder, but can also be caused by irritation or damage (from friction during sex, for example).
Symptoms of cystitis are:
An urgent need to urinate often
Pain or stinging when you urinate
Cystitis usually passes within a few days, or sometimes may need treatment with antibiotics.
Untreated bladder infections can cause kidney infections.
Cystitis in women
Cystitis is more common in women because women have a short urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body). The urethra's opening is also located very close to the anus (bottom), which makes it easy for bacteria from the anus to reach the bladder and cause an infection.
Almost all women will have cystitis at least once in their lifetime. Around one in five women who have had cystitis will get it again (known as recurrent cystitis). Cystitis can occur at any age, but it is more common in:
Pregnant women
Sexually active women
Post-menopausal women (women who have been through menopause)
Cystitis in men
Cystitis is less common in men. It can be more serious in men because it could be caused by:
An underlying bladder or prostate infection, such as prostatitis
An obstruction in the urinary tract, such as a tumour, or an enlarged prostate (the gland located between the penis and the bladder)
Male cystitis is not usually serious if treated quickly, but it can be very painful. Sexually active gay men are more likely to get cystitis than other males.
Outlook
Mild cystitis usually clears up within 4-9 days. You can treat it at home by drinking plenty of water (around 1.2 litres or 6-8 glasses every day) and taking painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. More severe cystitis can also cause abdominal pain or fever, and may need treatment with antibiotics.
Seeing Dr. B C Shah
Children and men should always see Dr. B C Shah if they have symptoms of cystitis. Women should always see Dr. B C Shah the first time they have the symptoms of cystitis. They should also return to him if they have the condition ore than three times in one year.
Symptoms of cystitis
Children and adults can get cystitis, and the symptoms can be different.
Symptoms in men and women
Cystitis in men and women can cause:
Pain, burning or stinging when you urinate
Needing to urinate often and urgently but passing only small amounts of urine
Urine that's dark, cloudy or strong smelling
Urine that contains traces of blood (haematuria)
Pain low in your belly (directly above the pubic bone), or in the lower back or abdomen
Feeling unwell, weak or feverish
Symptoms in children
Symptoms of cystitis in children may include:
Weakness
Irritability
Reduced appetite
Vomiting
Pain when urinating
Cystitis is usually treated easily.
Seeing Dr. B C Shah
The usual symptoms of cystitis could also be caused by other conditions, so it's important to see Dr. B C Shah the first time you have any of these symptoms. This means you can be treated correctly for whatever is causing your symptoms.
The symptoms caused by cystitis could also be caused by:
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia
Being infected with bacterium such as E-coli
Vaginal thrush, also known as candida (a yeast infection)
Inflammation of the urethra (urethritis)
Urethral syndrome (women only)
Inflammation of the prostate gland, also known as prostatitis (men only)
Causes of cystitis
The most common cause of cystitis is a bacterial infection. If bacteria reach the bladder, they can multiply and irritate the bladder lining, causing the symptoms of cystitis.
Cystitis can also result from damage or irritation around the urethra. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In men, the urethral opening (where urine leaves the body) is at the tip of the penis. In women it's just below the clitoris.
Bacterial infection
This happens when bacteria get into the bladder and multiply. It can happen if you don't empty your bladder properly. Try to empty your bladder fully each time you go to the toilet, to help prevent bacterial infection.
You may not be able to empty your bladder fully if:
You have a blockage somewhere in your urinary system: this could be caused by a tumour or, in men, an enlarged prostate (a gland located between the penis and the bladder)
You are pregnant, as pregnancy puts pressure on the pelvic area and the bladder
Bacterial infection can also happen when bacteria from the anus are transferred to the urethra. This is more common in women than in men, as the urethra is closer to the anus in women than it is in men.
In women, transferring bacteria in this way can happen when you are:
Having sex
Wiping after going to the toilet (you're less likely to transfer bacteria in this way if you wipe from front to back)
Inserting a tampon
Using a diaphragm (a soft dome made of latex or silicone) for contraception
In women who have had, or are going through, the menopause, the lining of the urethra and the bladder become thinner. This is due to a lack of the hormone oestrogen. The thin lining is more likely to become infected or damaged. Women also produce fewer vaginal secretions after the menopause, which means that bacteria are more likely to multiply.
Damage or irritation
Cystitis can also be caused by damage or irritation in the area around the urethra in both men and women. This could be the result of:
Damage or bruising caused by vigorous or frequent sex (this is sometimes called honeymoon cystitis)
Wearing tight clothing
Chemical irritants for example, in perfumed soap or talcum powder
Other bladder or kidney problems, such as a kidney infection or prostatitis
Diabetes (a long-term condition caused by too much glucose in the blood)
Damage caused by a catheter (a tube inserted into the urethra to allow urine to flow into a drainage bag, which is often used after surgery)
Diagnosing cystitis
If you have had cystitis before, you may be able to recognise the symptoms and diagnose the condition yourself.
However, men and children with cystitis symptoms should always see Dr. B C Shah. Men, women and children should see Dr. B C Shah if:
This is the first time you've had cystitis symptoms
There's blood in your urine (haematuria)
You have a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F)
You're in a lot of pain
You've had cystitis three times in one year
Dr. B C Shah should be able to diagnose cystitis from asking about your symptoms. In some cases, they may also use a dipstick (a chemically treated strip of paper) to test a sample of your urine. The paper will react to certain bacteria by changing colour, showing which kind of infection you have.
Urine culture
Dr. B C Shah may wish to send a sample of your urine to a laboratory for further testing. This sample is called a urine culture. This may be necessary if:
you have recurrent cystitis (more than three times in one year)
it is possible that you may have a kidney infection cystitis can be a symptom of this
you are on immunosuppressant medication(medication that suppresses your immune system) these affect your bodys defences so you may be more prone to infection
you have diabetes (a long-term condition caused by too much glucose in the blood) cystitis can be a complication of diabetes
you may have a sexually transmitted infection(STI) such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia
it is possible that you have another infection, such as thrush (candida)
The urine culture will confirm which bacteria are causing your cystitis. Alternatively, it may reveal that your cystitis is caused by another condition. Dr. B C Shah can advise you about the most appropriate treatment for you.
Further tests
If you have recurrent cystitis that does not respond to antibiotics, even after a urine culture has been tested,you may need to have some other tests, such as:
An ultrasound scan
An X-ray
A cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is when a tiny fibre-optic camera, called a cystoscope, is used to examine your bladder. The cystoscope is a very thin tube that has a light and a camera at one end. It is inserted into your urethra (the tube that carries urine from your bladder out of your body) and transmits images of the inside of your bladder to a screen.
Any further tests that you need will be explained to you by Dr. B C Shah treating you.
Treating cystitis
Children and men should always see Dr. B C Shah if they have cystitis symptoms. Women should always see Dr. B C Shah the first time they have cystitis symptoms, and also if they have the condition more than three times in one year.
The symptoms of cystitis usually clear up without treatment within 4-9 days. There are some self-help treatments that can ease the discomfort of any symptoms, or Dr. B C Shah may prescribe antibiotics.
Self-help treatments
If you've had cystitis before and you're sure that you have mild cystitis and don't need to see Dr. B C Shah, there are treatments that you can try yourself.
Over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. These can reduce pain and discomfort. Always read the label and check with your pharmacist first, particularly if you have any other medical condition, you are taking other medicines, or you're pregnant or breastfeeding.
Drinking plenty of water is often recommended as a treatment for cystitis. There's no evidence that this is helpful, although drinking around 1.2 litres (6-8 glasses) of water a day is generally good for your health. Also avoid alcohol.
Don't have sex until your cystitis has cleared up because having sex can make it worse.
Some people find that using urine alkanising agents, such as sodium bicarbonate or potassium citrate, for a short period of time may help to relieve pain when urinating. However, there is currently a lack of clinical evidence for their effectiveness. Check with Dr. B C Shah first if you are taking any other medication.
Drinking cranberry juice is not thought to help relieve pain but may help to prevent outbreaks of recurrent cystitis.
Antibiotics
If your symptoms are moderate or severe, Dr. B C Shah may prescribe a short course of antibiotics. This will usually involve taking a tablet 2-4 times a day, for three days.
For a more complicated case of cystitis, such as cystitis with another underlying infection, you may be given antibiotics for 5-10 days.
If your cystitis symptoms are only mild, Dr. B C Shah may prefer not to prescribe antibiotics to avoid antibiotic resistance. This is when the bacteria that cause cystitis adapt and learn to survive the antibiotics. Over time, this means that the treatment becomes less effective.
Recurring cystitis
If you keep getting cystitis (known as having recurring cystitis) your doctor may prescribe stand-by antibiotics or continuous antibiotics. A stand-by antibiotic is a prescription for you to take the next time you have cystitis, without needing to visit Dr. B C Shah again.
Continuous antibiotics are antibiotics that you take for several months to prevent further episodes of cystitis. These may be prescribed for two reasons:
If your cystitis usually occurs after having sex, you may be given a prescription for antibiotics to take within two hours of having sex
If your cystitis is not related to having sex, you may be given a low-dose antibiotic to take for a trial period of six months
Complications
Most cases of cystitis clear up on their own or with antibiotics. However, untreated bladder infections can cause kidney infections, which can be serious.
Although cystitis usually clears up on its own or with antibiotics, some people experience almost constant symptoms or recurring episodes. If no cause can be found, and the cystitis doesn't respond to antibiotics, you may have interstitial cystitis.
Interstitial cystitis
Interstitial cystitis causes recurring discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area. Like cystitis, it can cause an urgent and frequent need to urinate. Other symptoms, and the level of pain it causes, can vary from person to person.
Some people may find it more painful when their bladder is full, or more painful when they urinate. Women may find the condition more painful during their period.
How is it treated?
Treatment can include:
Medications, including painkillers and antidepressants
Bladder distension when the bladder is filled with water to increase its volume
Bladder instillation the bladder is filled with a solution that includes medication to reduce inflammation of the bladder walls
Surgery, if other treatments haven't worked
If you're diagnosed with interstitial cystitis, Dr. B C Shah will explain the condition and the treatment options in more detail.
Dr. B C Shah may use the term 'painful bladder syndrome' (PBS) to describe a condition that causes pain but doesn't meet the criteria to be diagnosed as interstitial cystitis.
Bladder
The bladder is a small organ near the pelvis that holds urine until it is ready to be passed from the body.
Inflammation
Inflammation is the body's response to infection, irritation or injury, which causes redness, swelling, pain and sometimes a feeling of heat in the affected area.
Pain
Pain is an unpleasant physical or emotional feeling that your body produces as a warning sign that it has been damaged.
Painkillers
Painkillers (analgesics) are medicines that relieve pain. For example paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen.
Preventing cystitis
It's not always possible to prevent cystitis, but you can take some steps to help avoid the condition:
Don't use perfumed bubble bath, soap, or talcum powder around your genitals use plain, unperfumed varieties
Have a shower, rather than a bath, to avoid exposing your genitals to the chemicals in your cleaning products for too long
Always empty your bladder fully when you go to the toilet
Don't wait to go if you need to urinate: delaying it can place extra stress on your bladder and could make it more vulnerable to infection
Wear underwear made from cotton rather than synthetic material such as nylon
Avoid wearing tight jeans and trousers
Always wipe from the front of your genital area to the back, not back to front, when you go to the toilet
Some people find certain types of food and drink make their cystitis worse: for example, coffee, fruit juice or spicy foods. If there is anything that triggers your cystitis, you may wish to avoid it
Cranberry products
Although cranberry products are not effective at treating cystitis, they may help to prevent recurrent attacks. High-strength capsules, which contain 200mg of cranberry extract, are available in shops .
Cranberry capsules may be a more effective treatment than drinking cranberry juice, as you need to drink a lot of juice for it to benefit you, and not everyone likes the taste. Cranberry capsules are not recommended if you are taking warfarin (blood-thinning medication).
Cystitis and sex
Try these tips if your cystitis is triggered by having sex:
Wash your genital area and your hands before and after sex
Use a lubricant during sex to avoid damaging your genital area through friction (use a water-based lubricant if you're using latex condoms, as oil-based lubricant can make latex condoms less effective)
If you're a woman and you use a diaphragm for contraception, you may wish to change to another method of contraception
After having sex, empty your bladder as soon as possible to get rid of unwanted bacteria
There is currently no evidence that oestrogen products, used to treat women after the menopause, can prevent cystitis.
People who have catheters need special advice about how to change them without damaging the area. Ask the healthcare professional who is treating you to show you how to do this.


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