Cavity: a cavity is gas containing space with in the lung surrounded by a wall greater than 1mm thick (a gas containing space possessing wall 1mm or thinner is a bulla). The wall thickness up to 5mm is benign and between 5 to 15 mm may be benign or malignant and above 15mm is definitely malignant. see example in photo album nazira x-ray

LOVE AND NAMASMARAN DR SHRINIWAS JANARDAN KASHALIKAR

Love is acclaimed as the best thing to happen in life!
But it is difficult to define love!
In simple words; love springs from within my heart and reaches the depths of the hearts of the others, when I am selfless!
How to be selfless?
The way to become selfless is simple.
It is not by trying to stop earning. It is not by trying to donate more.
It is by getting rid of subjectivity! What is subjectivity?
It is the urge to seek �my� wants, pursue �my� interests and assert �my� priorities and fancies; irrespective of the needs of the others.
How to get rid of the subjectivity?
Subjectivity is shed off in the course of the practice of NAMASMARAN. That is how I become increasingly selfless and love springs from my heart and reaches to the depths of the hearts of the others! This love is more benevolent and rejuvenating than anything else in the world!

BACTERIA IN HUMAN SEMEN MAY AFFECT HIV /AIDS TRANSMISSION
PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX Diseases, Weakness & Hepatitis Expert
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Human semen is naturally colonized by bacteria, and a new study suggests the microbes might have a role to play in both HIV transmission and levels in infected men.U.S. researchers found that bacteria in semen � the �microbiome� � play a role in local inflammation and in the production of HIV by infected men. They say the findings point to possible targets for reducing transmission of the AIDS-causing virus.
The study couldn�t prove that the bacteria was causing changes in HIV levels, and the researchers say more research is needed. However, the findings do �suggest an interaction between semen microbiome, local immunology and semen viral load,� wrote a team led by Lance Price of the Translational Genomics Research Institute in Phoenix.
Although HIV is found in many bodily fluids, the virus is most commonly spread through semen. In addition to sperm, semen naturally contains bacteria and chemical immune factors. One such immune factor is interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), which is involved in the body�s inflammatory responses.
�Higher bacterial load in semen could lead to higher IL-1b levels, which in turn could induce viral shedding [production], thereby increasing viral load,� the researchers theorize.
In the study, Price�s team analyzed semen samples from 49 gay or bisexual men. Of all the participants, 27 were infected with HIV. These men provided samples before they started antiretroviral drug therapy, as well as one six months later.
These samples were compared to 22 others taken from the men not infected with HIV.
The study, published July 24 in PLOS Pathogens, found that HIV infection appeared to alter the relationship between semen bacteria and immune factors. This affects viral load and could play a role in the sexual transmission of HIV, the team of scientists said.
Among the men with HIV who were not on antiretroviral therapy, the overall semen bacterial load correlated with their HIV viral load, the study found.
After examining the bacterial DNA in the semen samples of the men who did not have HIV, a total of 248 different types of bacteria were detected. On average, each sample contained 71 different strains of bacteria. However, immune factors were not tied to the amount of bacteria in the semen of these uninfected men.
In contrast, there was significantly less bacterial diversity in the semen samples taken from the HIV-positive men.
After taking six months of antiretroviral therapy however, semen viral load was reduced to undetectable levels. At the same time, bacterial diversity and semen composition became similar to the semen of the men who did not have HIV, the researchers said.

Pregnancy is an ideal time to start taking really good care of you both physically and emotionally. If you follow the few simple guidelines, you will be having best chance of a problem-free pregnancy and a healthy baby. Becoming a mom is an exciting time, but it can also be daunting especially if you are expecting your first child. When you find you are expecting it is an exciting time for you and your loved ones! While your due date may seem a long way off, there are things that you should do immediately that can get your pregnancy and your baby off to a healthy start. At this time your mind will be filled with many questions as to what you should do now onwards for yours and baby�s health. Probably you will start looking for accurate information and resources so that you are well informed about pregnancy and make healthy choices right from the beginning.

Before starting pregnancy and planning for parenthood, stop your birth control a couple of months before you plan to start trying. The earlier you know you're pregnant, the sooner you can see your doctor to start prenatal care and make sure your eating, drinking, and other habits are as healthy as possible. On getting pregnant following are the questions that are eminent and seek an answer to it.

1. When can be the home pregnancy test to detect pregnancy is taken?

A pregnancy test, whether done at home or in the doctor's office, measures the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in your urine. This hormone becomes elevated during pregnancy and can be detected as early as the first day after a missed period if you do the test correctly. However, it is likely to be more accurate if you wait a few days or weeks after a missed period.

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2. When should I make an appointment with the doctor?

As soon as you find out you're pregnant, get in touch with your GP or a midwife or gynecologist to organise your antenatal care. Organising your care early means you'll get good advice for a healthy pregnancy right from the start. You'll also have plenty of time to organise any ultrasound scans and tests that you may need. If you have any medical concerns, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or thyroid disease it is best that you take the appointment as soon as possible.

3. What should I do once I find out I'm pregnant?

The most important thing you can do is begin taking prenatal vitamins. In fact, if you are planning to become pregnant it is smart to start taking prenatal vitamins in advance. Prenatal vitamins contain important nutrients (i.e. folic acid and vitamin D) that can help with the early development of your baby. You should also start avoiding alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, stop smoking or other things that may be harmful to your baby.

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Select a maternity home that is fully equipped with latest technology and has the capacity to meet any type of emergencies. If you are pregnant or thinking about starting your family, Rupal hospital for Women will be the best choice. Rupal Hospitals Gynaecology & Obstetrics Section has renowned female Doctors and each one of them is outstanding in their own field of expertise. We at Rupal Hospital are dedicated to providing the highest quality in women's health. The team of doctors is capable of handling every aspect of a woman's life and it has been a long one. It is the result of years of experience, knowledge, understanding and constant updating and effort. The maternity section is available round the clock. We have State of the art labor room along with facilities of electronic fetal heart monitoring during labor. Rupal Hospital has all means for instrumental deliveries and apparatus to deal with emergencies. We have fully equipped operation theatre for all obstetrics and gynaecology operations.

Rupal Hospital seeks to guide you through your pregnancy and birth, helping you to make choices that are safe and healthy for you and your baby. We understand that it�s important that you feel comfortable, confident and at ease during this journey of pregnancy, and that you have the support and information you need each step of the way. Visit our website at http://www.rupalhospital.com or at http://www.rupalhospital.com/gynaecology.html# or give us a call today to schedule an appointment with us.

Clinical evaluation of a 5-year-old boy seeking medical
advice for micropenis was detected to have solitary
median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI), short stature[height: 95.2 cm; < 3rd percentile; standard deviation score
(SDS): � 2.57; target height SDS: � 0.63], small face, low set
ears, depressed nasal bridge, prominent forehead and
stretched penile length of 2 cm . He was born
at term of breech delivery with an uneventful perinatal
history. Investigations were significant for delayed bone
age (3.5 years; Greulich-Pyle), low insulin like growth
factor-1 (IGF-1) (41 ng/mL; normal, 50 � 286), GH deficiency
(post clonidine 100 &#956; g peak growth hormone: 1.2 ng/mL;
normal > 10 ng/mL), hypoplastic anterior pituitary (white
arrow; partial empty sella), stalk agenesis and ectopic
neurohypophysis (EN) located in tuber cinereum (black
arrow) on MRI. Optic nerve, olfactory bulbs,
corpus callosum and septum pellucidum were normal. GH
replacement resulted in an 11 cm height gain in 1 year.