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Jan01
HIV/AIDS TREATMENT ADVANCEMENTS-US PRESIDENT PROGRAME,ISURANCE AND CARE TO EVERY BODY OF WORLD
HIV /AIDS DEVELOPMENT IN YEAR 2103 :ZERO GOAL & TREATMENT TO ALL: NO DISCIMINATION,NO SHAME NO STIGMA : TAKE TREATMENT AND CURE IT ;INSURANCE CARE TO EVERY HIV/AIDS IN USA UNDER PEPFAR ND TREATMENT FOR EVERYBODY AND ENSURING ADHERANCE OR COMPLIANCE OF TRETENT AND MAKING HIV TO ZERO LEVEL : TO ERADICATE HIV NOT FROM USA BUT WHOLE WORLD ALONG WITH TB AND MALARIA;DOES IT WORKING NORMALLY ?

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2104 TO ALL MY FRIENDS,HIV/AIDS FRIENDS/MEMBERS OF LGBT

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,07838059592, DELHI –NCR,marriage & sex counseling
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
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HIV /AIDS treatment has markedly changed s after when the World Health Organization established the first World AIDS Day on December 1, 1988, treatment options for people living with HIV were practically nonexistent, and AIDS was almost invariably fatal. Hope was in short supply, and there seemed to be little reason for optimism. I am grateful that the world is a very different place for the 25th annual World AIDS Day.
In between whole world united to put much slogans for HIV/AIDS care as disease cannot be eradicated and it was reporteed tht death is very painful nd is the ultimate fte and widespred sex activites are really a greatt danger to world .
In US first time realised that HIV/AIDS patients are very much neglected and due to lack of education most persons discriminatte and stigmtise HIV/AIDS patients and further push them for no care and as treatment and diagnosis being very costly so often patient donot seek treatment or leave treatment.US Subsequently, in late 2011 CDC did its own analysis of HIV surveillance datasets, viral load and CD4 laboratory reports, and other published data to develop national estimates of the number of HIV-infected persons at each step of the treatment cascade. Their findings, published in CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), were similar to those of Dr. Gardner and his colleagues and can be summarized as follows:
For every 100 individuals living with HIV in the United States, it is estimated that:
80 are aware of their HIV status.
62 have been linked to HIV care.
41 stay in HIV care.
36 get antiretroviral therapy (ART).
28 are able to adhere to their treatment and sustain undetectable viral loads.
In short, CDC estimated that only 28 percent of the more than 1 million individuals in the U.S. who are living with HIV/AIDS are getting the full benefits of the treatment they need to manage their disease and keep the virus under control. Put another way, nearly 3 out of 4 people living with HIV in the U.S. have failed to successfully navigate the treatment cascade.
Therefore before 10 yrs,The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was aanounced.After 10th yrs This Yer OBAMA hs further added to PEPFAR which now directly supports life-saving antiretroviral treatment for millions of men, women, and children worldwide. Together with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and partner nations, we are working toward an AIDS-free generation around the world.
Now it hs been adopted that treatment and diagnosis should be done as soon as possible and now treatment in US is not important treat every patient of world to make HIV/AIDS TO ZERO LEVEL.Now in USA from year 2014 EVERY HIV/AIDS patient will be provided INSURANCE FOR DIAGNOSIS,FULL TREATMENT AND COMPLICATION AT VERY AFFORDABLE PRICES.Here in the U.S., guided by the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, (NHAS), agencies and offices across the Department of Health and Human Services are working to strengthen HIV prevention, care and treatment efforts. As President Obama directed earlier this year when he established the HIV Care Continuum Initiative, we are accelerating efforts to increase HIV testing as well as improve access to and retention in HIV care. That way, we can better address drop-offs along the continuum of HIV care, from diagnosis to receiving optimal treatment. Fewer than half of the people living with HIV are getting the medical care they need, and only about 25 percent have achieved control over their HIV infection with medication. Such control both benefits their health and reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission.
SO TREAT ALL APTEINTS AND GIVE THEM FREE MEDICINES,CARE AND INVESTIGATION IRESPECTIVE OF THEIR NTIONALITY CASTE,CREED OR COLOR TO CURB HIV COMPLETELY.


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Jan01
HIV/AIDS TREATMENT ADVANCEMENTS-US PRESIDENT PROGRAME,ISURANCE AND CARE TO EVERY BODY OF WORLD
HIV /AIDS DEVELOPMENT IN YEAR 2103 :ZERO GOAL & TREATMENT TO ALL: NO DISCIMINATION,NO SHAME NO STIGMA : TAKE TREATMENT AND CURE IT ;INSURANCE CARE TO EVERY HIV/AIDS IN USA UNDER PEPFAR ND TREATMENT FOR EVERYBODY AND ENSURING ADHERANCE OR COMPLIANCE OF TRETENT AND MAKING HIV TO ZERO LEVEL : TO ERADICATE HIV NOT FROM USA BUT WHOLE WORLD ALONG WITH TB AND MALARIA;DOES IT WORKING NORMALLY ?

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2104 TO ALL MY FRIENDS,HIV/AIDS FRIENDS/MEMBERS OF LGBT

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,07838059592, DELHI –NCR,marriage & sex counseling
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram

HIV /AIDS treatment has markedly changed s after when the World Health Organization established the first World AIDS Day on December 1, 1988, treatment options for people living with HIV were practically nonexistent, and AIDS was almost invariably fatal. Hope was in short supply, and there seemed to be little reason for optimism. I am grateful that the world is a very different place for the 25th annual World AIDS Day.
In between whole world united to put much slogans for HIV/AIDS care as disease cannot be eradicated and it was reporteed tht death is very painful nd is the ultimate fte and widespred sex activites are really a greatt danger to world .
In US first time realised that HIV/AIDS patients are very much neglected and due to lack of education most persons discriminatte and stigmtise HIV/AIDS patients and further push them for no care and as treatment and diagnosis being very costly so often patient donot seek treatment or leave treatment.US Subsequently, in late 2011 CDC did its own analysis of HIV surveillance datasets, viral load and CD4 laboratory reports, and other published data to develop national estimates of the number of HIV-infected persons at each step of the treatment cascade. Their findings, published in CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), were similar to those of Dr. Gardner and his colleagues and can be summarized as follows:
For every 100 individuals living with HIV in the United States, it is estimated that:
80 are aware of their HIV status.
62 have been linked to HIV care.
41 stay in HIV care.
36 get antiretroviral therapy (ART).
28 are able to adhere to their treatment and sustain undetectable viral loads.
In short, CDC estimated that only 28 percent of the more than 1 million individuals in the U.S. who are living with HIV/AIDS are getting the full benefits of the treatment they need to manage their disease and keep the virus under control. Put another way, nearly 3 out of 4 people living with HIV in the U.S. have failed to successfully navigate the treatment cascade.
Therefore before 10 yrs,The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was aanounced.After 10th yrs This Yer OBAMA hs further added to PEPFAR which now directly supports life-saving antiretroviral treatment for millions of men, women, and children worldwide. Together with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and partner nations, we are working toward an AIDS-free generation around the world.
Now it hs been adopted that treatment and diagnosis should be done as soon as possible and now treatment in US is not important treat every patient of world to make HIV/AIDS TO ZERO LEVEL.Now in USA from year 2014 EVERY HIV/AIDS patient will be provided INSURANCE FOR DIAGNOSIS,FULL TREATMENT AND COMPLICATION AT VERY AFFORDABLE PRICES.Here in the U.S., guided by the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, (NHAS), agencies and offices across the Department of Health and Human Services are working to strengthen HIV prevention, care and treatment efforts. As President Obama directed earlier this year when he established the HIV Care Continuum Initiative, we are accelerating efforts to increase HIV testing as well as improve access to and retention in HIV care. That way, we can better address drop-offs along the continuum of HIV care, from diagnosis to receiving optimal treatment. Fewer than half of the people living with HIV are getting the medical care they need, and only about 25 percent have achieved control over their HIV infection with medication. Such control both benefits their health and reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission.
SO TREAT ALL APTEINTS AND GIVE THEM FREE MEDICINES,CARE AND INVESTIGATION IRESPECTIVE OF THEIR NTIONALITY CASTE,CREED OR COLOR TO CURB HIV COMPLETELY.


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Jan01
My winter blues
My winter blues
For few days I was wondering why am I feeling so sad, low and somehow depressed sort…as there was no personal enmities with anyone…professionally too I am doing well….what????
Then suddenly one word came to me “winter blues”…oh yes it could be…yes I got it is winter blues ….oh no…
But I have the solution to enlighten myself and get out of this winter blues…now all of you must be wondering what I am talking about …yup…let me explain that now…
Some symptoms include depression, marathon napping, low self-esteem, obsessiveness over little things, irritability, shyness, and panic attacks. People with seasonal affective disorder may also sleep poorly (although for many hours), partly because they don't have enough serotonin to convert to the sleep substance melatonin.

Winter depression is still a mystery to scientists who study it. Many things, including brain chemicals, ions in the air, and genetics seem to be involved. But researchers agree that people who suffer from winter depression -- also known as "seasonal affective disorder," a term that produces the cute acronym SAD -- have one thing in common. They're particularly sensitive to light, or the lack of it.

As the days get shorter most of us do not feel going after a particular time say 6 p.m. we tend to remain indoors because of cold weather so as aresult most of our outdoor chores remain unaccomplished…result feel irritated…do not get time to meet friends result loneliness…

Many studies have shown that people with seasonal affective disorder feel better after exposure to bright light. It seems simple enough: In higher latitudes, winter days are shorter, so you get less exposure to sunlight. Replace lost sunlight with bright artificial light, and your mood improves….
Have your bedroom lights turn on a half hour before you're supposed to wake up.
Expose yourself to sunlight as early in the morning as you can.

Use artificial light. You can use the light box to effectively lengthen the day: use it before daylight, after the sun sets, or a combination of the two. Increasing the day length by two hours should be effective.
Get Moving

Did you know that one hour of aerobic exercise outside (even when it's cloudy) has the same therapeutic effects as 2.5 hours of light treatment indoors? This is because it raises serotonin levels, which tend to get low when you have the winter blues.

Research has proven that exercising regularly can help ward off depression. Every little bit helps--a mere thirty minutes of daily physical activity can decrease symptoms of mild to moderate depression by upwards of 50 percent.
Watch your cravings! When your serotonin levels are low, one of things your body tends to do is to crave food high in carbohydrates, especially high-sugar foods like junk food and soda, because they raise serotonin levels.

Eat wisely. This means, pushing away the leftover cake and eating sensible carbs to stimulate serotonin. Sweets and simple carbs, like white rice and white bread, quickly raise blood sugar, flood you with insulin, and then drop you in a hole. Eating wisely also means watching the caffeine, which suppresses serotonin.

Take a multivitamin containing vitamin D-3 daily. Vitamin D is created by the sun's rays on the skin, and therefore declines during the winter. Although studies on the effect of vitamin D supplements on seasonal depression have come up with varied results a good multivitamin will also help with energy levels.

Take up a winter activity

Do not be a couch potato: I know you will crave for paranthas, ladoos, panjiri and other desserts to make yourself happy….beware it will all add up calories and increase weight…so please eat healthy options like
Popcorn
Oatmeal
Nuts
Egg whites for omelets
Peanut butter
Prewashed veggies
Fruit
Whole grain crackers and bread
Cottage cheese
If you really want to munch on…do not stuff yourself.

Tommorrow we will talk more about foods that help you in combating winter blues.

for further queries you can consult our e clinic
sunainakhetarpal.zest.md


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Jan01
how to combat sugar cravings
http://sunainakhetarpal.zest.md/

sunainakhetarpal.zest.md

how to combat sugar cravings
Combat hypoglycemia, or low-blood sugar by trying the following:

Eat a breakfast that is NOT sweet, for example brown rice, or lean protein and blanched vegetables.

Have no sweets (that includes fruit, refined flour, and all sweeteners) until after 3:00 pm. After that eat either fruit or a fruit or grain-sweetened dessert rather than sweets that contained refined sugars.

Eating sweets in the morning or early afternoon tend to stimulate sweet cravings throughout the day. You might feel sick from eating sugars in the early morning

If you have the sugar blues in the morning around 10-10:30 and again in the afternoon around 2-4:00, drink 1 cup of sweet vegetable drink.

Avoid artificial sweeteners. Research has shown that artificial sweeteners cause intense cravings for sweets.


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Dec31
HIV /AIDS TREATMENT DEVELOPENT & RESEARCH FOR VACCINE ND MEDICINES IN YEAR 2013-HAPPY NEW YER 2014
HIV /AIDS DEVELOPMENT IN YEAR 2103 :ZERO GOAL & TREATMENT TO ALL: NO DISCRIMINATION,NO SHAME NO STIGMA : TAKE TREATMENT AND CURE IT
HAPPY NEW YEAR 2104 TO ALL MY FRIENDS,HIV/AIDS FRIENDS/MEMBERS OF LGBT
PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,07838059592, DELHI –NCR,marriage & sex counseling
FOLLOW ON FACE BOOK:www.facebook.com/drramkumar
FOLLOW ON TWITTER:www.twitter.com/profdrram
FEW SUCCESSFUL STORIES OF HIV TREATMENT OF YEAR 2013 IS AS FOLLOWS:----
HIV research and development achieved several discoveries in 2013 - from drug therapy to unconventional and risky methods to eliminate the virus. Some of them found new things about HIV and plans to put them into trial. Here are some of notable anti-HIV results for this year to know what we can expect for 2014.
Saving Infected Cells
Two new discoveries are revealed by researchers at Dresden Technical University in Germany and Gladstone Institutes in California to save infected cells from HIV viral load. German scientists found out that there is a way to restore infected cells back to normal by cutting HIV viral load using an enzyme on the DNA of host cells. Scientists in California figured out that HIV host cells are killed by the immune system by Pyroptosis and stopping the process will prevent the body to eliminate infected cells in order to stop further spread of viral loads.
Vaccine Research
Scientists from Spain and United Kingdom are expected to begin clinical trials against HIV in the coming years. Spanish Hospital researchers announced an upcoming plan in 2014 regarding a new drug to treat the disease instead of preventing it. Experts and clinicians from five leading universities in United Kingdom aim a functional cure for HIV by starting clinical trials. It will be a combined therapy of antiretroviral drugs and two additional components to wipe viral loads completely.
Genetic and Transplant
Bone marrow transplant has been used as an unconventional method to cure or treat HIV/AIDS. Timothy Brown is the only survivor with no reoccurrence of HIV viral load after a successful transplant to treat his blood cancer. The genetic mutation called CCR5 delta 32 from his donor provided resistance against the virus which prevented HIV from killing off T cells in Brown's blood.
Scientists are looking into a solution to engineer drugs or methods to replicate such genetic mutation to allow HIV/AIDS patients to resist the viral effects. CCR5 delta32 genetic flaw will prevent HIV to attach on T cells and allows the immune system to cleanse out the entire body.
HIV just got a new strain that can put someone into AIDS stage in just five years. Since there is no cure or vaccine against the usual strains, it is going to be more dangerous if HIV mutates again and developed another dangerous strain. Hopefully, all clinical trials receive positive results and reach commercial markets next year.


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Dec31
Choking Child
Just after I had gone to bed after a heavy day of plenty of surgeries, I got a call from emergency room. A four year old baby has been rushed into the emergency with sudden inability to swallow & throat pain. In minutes I was there. Parents were in great anxiety & the child was crying continuously. Mother said that she had seen her playing with a two rupee coin and suddenly her condition became an emergency.

So we rushed her to X-ray department and found that the coin was stuck up in her upper part of food pipe. It was too big to go inside and too big to vomit out. It was completely stuck. It was blocking the food pipe and hence she could not even swallow her own saliva. I immediately called the anesthetist and rushed her to the endoscopy department. Although the child has dinner just few hours ago, I had to take her up and relive her from this life threatening situation.

Under general anesthesia, I entered the food pipe. Saw the coin impacted. Under anesthesia the coin had moved downwards. There was not much space in this small child's food pipe for me to manipulate it to come out. I gently pushed it into the stomach taking care that I do not damage her delicate food pipe. Once the coin was in stomach, there was ample of space for me to manipulate the coin & put it into a special wire basket that I introduced it thro my endoscope.

Under vision, I gently pulled put the coin thro the food pipe. The basket had gripped the coin so well that there was no chance that while removing the coin would fall into the windpipe or oral cavity. The parents were greatly relieved. Next morning the child was as playful as before and was discharged.

Parents should be careful about the objects that their children play with. I have removed buttons, parts of toys, coins, button cells and even pins. These are potentially dangerous and can cause sudden accidental catastrophe in the family.


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Dec29
Mississippi baby cured of HIV!: A BREAK THROUGH RESEARCH OF YEAR 2013 :
Mississippi baby cured of HIV!: A BREAK THROUGH RESEARCH OF YEAR 2013 :

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,07838059592, DELHI –NCR,marriage & sex counseling
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In what could be termed the biggest medical breakthrough in the last century, a baby born with the AIDS virus has been cured of the diseases after following an aggressive regime of drugs. This is the second documented case of a person being completely cured of the virus after an adult known as the Berlin Patient was cured as a result of bone-marrow transplant.This startling piece of information was discovered when the baby’s mother stopped treatment and doctors lost track of the baby who was given a bout of heavy drugs (current procedure suggests only a modest daily dose of antiretroviral treatment) about 30 hours after she was born at a rural Mississippi hospital, doctors said at a medical meeting in Atlanta.

The baby was born to an HIV positive mother who didn’t know she had the virus so hadn’t taken any antiretroviral treatments before giving birth. The infant was immediately put on anti-HIV medication regime which lasted for 18 months after which the mother disappeared. When the child returned for care five months later, it was found that she had an ‘undetectable viral load’ – the baby was no longer considered HIV-positive.Researchers and experts have cautioned against taking this as a standard case and it has no bearing on most people who contract the virus in adulthood. However, further studies could spur widespread use of such an aggressive regimen in babies born with HIV, most of them in low and middle income countries.

Current WHO guidelines suggest treating infants with a modest daily dose of antiretroviral treatment for four to six weeks, in part because extensive studies haven’t been carried out on the subject yet. There’s however some evidence to suggest that the doctor’s approach of aggressive antiretroviral treatment within 30 hours of the infant’s birth may have led to this cure. Experts hypothesize that the heavy dose prevented the formation of the viral reservoirs that harbour the virus. These viral reservoirs are the key hurdle to treatment because even though AIDS drugs prevent the virus from replicating, it continues to lurk in the reservoirs and usually surge back when the treatment is stopped. The baby was constantly tested for the virus and has now been virus-free for one year.


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Dec29
HIV /AIDS CONTROL ; BY GENE THERAPY HUMAN MX2 GENE KILLS IT -RESEARCH OF YEAR
HIV /AIDS CONTROL: BY HUMAN MX2 GENE-GREAT RESEARCH OF YEAR 2013

PROF.DRRAM ,HIV/AIDS,SEX DISEASES,SEX WEAKNESS & ABORTION SPECIALIST
profdrram@gmail.com,07838059592, DELHI –NCR,marriage & sex counseling
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Human body has got so many genes out of which one gene known as MX@ Gene hs been isolated and it is found that in nimal experiment this gene inhibit HIV Virus bypenetrating its envelop and proteins associated with it .

so there is role of Human MX2 gene effective in inhibiting HIV

A study published in the journal Nature identified the role of human MX2 gene in inhibiting HIV, thereby preventing the spread of the virus after entering the body. Researchers suggest that MX2 gene could be used as the new target for developing efficient, less toxic treatments involving the body’s own natural defense mechanism against the virus.


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Dec28
MEDICAL MISTAKES CANNOT BE EXCUSED -SO BE CAUTIOUS THEY NEVER OCCUR IN AN DOCTORS LIFE TREATING PATIENTS:-
SOME MEDICAL MISTAKES CANNOT BE EXCUSED -SO BE CAUTIOUS THEY NEVER OCCUR IN AN DOCTORS LIFE TREATING PATIENTS:------

DR.D.R.NAKIPURIA,drnakipuria@gmail.com,09434143550,09832025033

1- Joan Morris (a pseudonym) is a 67-year-old woman admitted to a teaching hospital for cerebral angiography. The day after that procedure, she mistakenly underwent an invasive cardiac electrophysiology study. After angiography, the patient was transferred to another floor rather than returning to her original bed. Discharge was planned for the following day. The next morning, however, the patient was taken for a open heart procedure. The patient had been on the operating table for an hour. Doctors had made an incision in her groin, punctured an artery, threaded in a tube and snaked it up into her heart (a procedure with risks of bleeding, infection, heart attack and stroke). That was when the phone rang and a doctor from another department asked “what are you doing with my patient?” There was nothing wrong with her heart. The cardiologist working on the woman checked her chart, and saw that he was making an awful mistake. The study was aborted, and she was returned to her room in stable condition.

-----------------------------

2- In what was, perhaps, the most publicized case of a surgical mistake in its time, a Tampa (Florida) surgeon mistakenly removed the wrong leg of his patient, 52-year-old Willie King, during an amputation procedure in February 1995.

It was later revealed that a chain of errors before the surgery culminated in the wrong leg being prepped for the procedure. While the surgeon's team realized in the middle of the procedure that they were operating on the wrong leg, it was already too late, and the leg was removed. As a result of the error, the surgeon's medical license was suspended for six months and he was fined $10,000. University Community Hospital in Tampa, the medical center where the surgery took place, paid $900,000 to King and the surgeon involved in the case paid an additional $250,000 to King.

-----------------------------

3- In St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a patient was submitted at Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital to have one of his kidneys removed because it had a tumor believed to be cancerous. Instead, doctors removed the healthy one.


"The discovery that this was the wrong kidney was made the next day when the pathologist examined the material and found no evidence of any malignancy," said Samuel Carlson, M.D. and Park Nicollet Chief Medical Officer. The potentially cancerous kidney remained intact and functioning. For privacy and family's request, no details about the patient were released.

-----------------------------

4- A West Virginia man's family claims inadequate anesthetic during surgery allowed him to feel every slice of the surgeon's scalpel - a trauma they believe led him to take his own life two weeks later. Sherman Sizemore was admitted to Raleigh General Hospital in Beckley, W.Va., Jan. 19, 2006 for exploratory surgery to determine the cause of his abdominal pain. But during the operation, he reportedly experienced a phenomenon known as anesthetic awareness -- a state in which a surgical patient is able to feel pain, pressure or discomfort during an operation, but is unable to move or communicate with doctors.

According to the complaint, anesthesiologists administered the drugs to numb the patient, but they failed to give him the general anesthetic that would render him unconscious until 16 minutes after surgeons first cut into his abdomen. Family members say the 73-year-old Baptist minister was driven to kill himself by the traumatic experience of being awake during surgery but unable to move or cry out in pain.

-----------------------------

5- When Nancy Andrews, of Commack, N.Y., became pregnant after an in vitro fertilization procedure at a New York fertility clinic, she and her husband expected a new addition to their family. What they did not expect was a child whose skin was significantly darker than that of either parent. Subsequent DNA tests suggested that doctors at New York Medical Services for Reproductive Medicine accidentally used another man's sperm to inseminate Nancy Andrews' eggs.

The couple has since raised Baby Jessica, who was born Oct. 19, 2004, as their own, according to wire reports. But the couple still filed a malpractice suit against the owner of the clinic, as well as the embryologist who allegedly mixed up the samples.


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Dec28
DOCTORS WEAR WHITE COAT -WHY ONLY WHITE COAT NOT OTHER COLOR DRESS ?
The American Medical Association voted on a resolution that would recommend hospitals ban doctors' iconic white lab coats, citing evidence that the garment contributes to the spread of infection. Indeed, a number of studies have shown that the coats harbor potentially harmful bacteria.

If white coats are so bad, why do doctors still wear them?

Because a white lab coat says "I am a scientific healer." The knee-length coat in medicine crossed over from the laboratory sciences at the turn of the 20[SUP]th[/SUP] century. Before that time, medicine was generally seen as the haphazard province of quacks and frauds, and physicians wore street clothes even in the operating room. As the field developed into a respected branch of applied science in the early 1900s, doctors adopted the costume of the laboratory as a way of bolstering their scientific credibility.

In pre-white-coat times, physicians used primitive tools and techniques and had little formal training. (Medical school could be finished in a year.) Early doctors competed for legitimacy (and patients) with other healing arts like homeopathy and medical eclecticism. But the development of antiseptics and anesthesia, among other things, demonstrated the exceptional power of science to improve health.

Doctors strove to become more scientific, in practice and in dress. The lab coat served both purposes by providing a (supposedly) sterile work environment and soothing patients with its air of scientific authority. The traditional lab coat was beige, but doctors adopted white because the color symbolizes life and purity. (In earlier times, doctors were more likely to wear black, in keeping with the high mortality rates seen at hospitals. The nuns who served as nurses often wore black habits.) By 1915, physicians working in hospitals had for the most part switched from street clothes to white coats and pants.

With their scientific bona fides firmly in place, doctors today are divided on the white-coat question. Supporters say the coat instills docs with a humbling sense of responsibility and puts patients at ease, while detractors see it as an alienating symbol of medical hubris. More than 100 medical schools host "white coat ceremonies" where first-year med students are outfitted with shortened versions of the white coat, and the coats are ubiquitous at large teaching hospitals where they help differentiate between doctors and students.

However, doctors in smaller hospitals and private practice are more likely to wear regular clothes. A recent study suggests that only 1 in 8 doctors actually sport a white coat at work. Perhaps the most ardent supporters of the garment are patients: In one study, 56 percent of those surveyed believed doctors should wear coats, compared with only 24 percent of doctors. (Elderly people tend to be most supportive of the white coat.) Another study found that patients were much more likely to trust a doctor if they were wearing a white coat than if they were in scrubs.

If hospitals followed the AMA resolution and banned the white coat, what would doctors wear? The Scottish National Health Service outlawed white coats and instituted a uniform of color-coded scrubs for all medical personnel. The Mayo Clinic doesn't allow white coats; their doctors wear business attire.


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