Hamstring Sprain / Tendinopathy
Hamstrings are a group of muscles present at the back of thigh. They extend from the sit bones in pelvis to just below the knee joint and play an important an important role is daily activities such as walking & running. The names of the individual three muscles included in hamstrings are semimembranosus, biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. These, work in opposition to the muscles in the front of the thigh (quadriceps) and the two group of muscles together stabilize movements of the knee and pelvis.

INCIDENCE
Hamstring injuries account for approximately 12–16% of all injuries in athletes. They are seen more commonly in sports that involve sprinting, acceleration, deceleration, rapid change in direction and jumping such as football, basketball, rugby and baseball. Runners, ballet dancers and older adults who do a lot of walking are also at increased risk. Reinjury rates are high and generally require more time away from the field. Although any injury for a sportsperson is painful, this one can be quite frustrating for both the sufferer and the treating physician.

SYMPTOMS
Symptoms vary depending on the severity of the problem. When the upper part of hamstrings is involved the most common symptom is deep buttock pain or irritation at the back of thigh (minor sprains) associated with tightness or cramping sensation. Pain can radiate down the back of thigh and is generally aggravated by physical activity such as walking, running uphill, high speed or long distance running, leaning forwards, squats and sitting on a firm surface for long duration. Morning increase in severity of pain is not uncommon in this condition. In the early stages pain may reduce after warm up and then recur after activity. This changes with time with the pain persisting throughout the day.

Partial or complete tear of hamstrings may present with severe stabbing pain, bruising with inability to weight bear or walk. Sciatic nerve is present close by and its irritation can cause pain to radiate further down the leg. In severe cases the tendon may completely tear away, often taking a piece of bone with it and this is addressed as avulsion injury.

RISK FACTORS & BIOMECHANICS
Muscle attaches to the bone with the help of a special type of tissue called tendon. To simplify, you can look at these as ropes tying the muscles to the bones. Injuries can involve the muscles or the area where the muscle transforms into the tendon (myotendinous junction) or the tendon itself. Generally the closer the injury is to the pelvis / sit bones the longer it takes to heal. Of the three muscles, biceps femoris is the most commonly injured one.

The hamstrings cross two joints and help to bend the knee and move the hip backwards (extension). They play an important role in propelling the body forwards as we move. Hamstring injury may occur by high speed mechanisms such as running or low speed mechanisms such as stretching. Sudden loading of muscle while it is stretched as while kicking a football is also a common injury mechanism.

The risk factors most consistently associated with hamstring muscle strain-type injuries are age, previous hamstring injury and quadriceps peak torque. As mentioned previously hamstrings and quadriceps oppose each another and it is not uncommon to see imbalance between the two groups of muscles with the latter being stronger. This is expressed as low hamstring to quad ratio which essentially means weaker hamstrings. Weak hamstrings can quickly turn into tight hamstrings and require hamstring to work harder which tires them easily. Tight, tired and weak muscles are predisposed to injuries. When the hamstring are injured, other nearby body muscles are called into action such as those in lower back and hip predisposing them also to injuries/ pain.

Risk factors foe hamstring injury can be classifies into modifiable and non-modifiable ones.

Modifiable risk factors

Volume of training and rapid variations
Muscle fatigue
Weak hamstrings
Repeated overloading with insufficient warm-up
Over striding during running or abruptly changing direction
Lower back, core and pelvis weakness or trunk instability
Prolonged sitting (work, cycling etc)
Biomechanical issues such as unequal leg length
Non-Modifiable risk factors

Previous hamstring injuries – most consistent risk factor with two to six times increased risk of recurrence. Most repeat injuries occur within two months of return to the sport but the risk remains elevated up to three times for an year after initial injury.
Age – teens and young adults are more likely to experience hamstring injuries as muscles do not tend to grow at the same speed as bones. Aging adults are also at a higher risk possibly due to reduced muscle cross-sectional area.
Genetics (collagen types)
HAMSTRING INJURY GRADES
Most hamstring injuries occur in the thick, central part of the muscle or where the muscle fibres join tendon. Muscle strains are graded from 1 to 3 depending on their severity

Grade 1 – or hamstring pull is most minor form and usually heals readily. Most patients with this are able to walk easily although may notice pain at the back of the leg after prolonged or quick walking.

Grade 2 – this is associated with more pain (often shooting type) and patients may struggle to walk / limp.

Grade 3 – represents more marked muscle tears including complete tears which present with more severe pain, swelling and difficulty weight bearing. These may require several months of rehabilitation.

Dr. Megha Modi - Best Dermatologist in Vasundhara

Dr. Megha Modi is a practicing Dermatologist in Delhi and received her medical degree from Baroda Medical College. She went on to specialize in dermatology and attained her MD in Skin–VD from the same college. She has to her credit the enviable distinction of being a gold medalist at both the undergraduate as well as post graduate levels.

Professionally Dr. Megha Modi has been a consultant at the Dermatech Clinic in North Delhi and brings to the table a rich experience in the field of Cosmetology and Dermatology. On an academic front, she has won numerous accolades and citations for her stellar contributions for her paper presentations at State and National Level conferences. Concurrently Dr. Modi has numerous publications in indexed journals which are standing evidence of her prowess in the specialty.

Some of her most significant contributions are to textbooks on topics like ‘Clinical Approach to Homosexuals with STDs’ in Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS’. Dr. Modi has even done some extensive editorial work for IJSTD in the recent past and is unarguably an authority when it comes to Cosmetology and Dermatology.

Head And Neck Surgery In India

An otolaryngologist-is a specialist of Head And Neck Surgery in India who has been licensed to give great therapeutic and surgical care of patients with maladies that influence the ears, the nose, the respiratory and upper digestive system, and related structures of the head and neck.

Thyroidecomy
This is an operation that is used to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. A thyroidectomy may be required to treat a thyroid lump or tumour. In addition to malignancies, a thyroidectomy is additionally a practical choice for patients with symptomatic thyroid masses or goiters. Patients who have compressive manifestations including dysphagia, dyspnea, shortness of breath, as well as dryness because of a huge goiter may need a thyroidectomy.

Parotidectomy
A parotidectomy is an operation to remove part or all of the parotid salivary gland. The main purpose is to remove lumps or tumours arising fro the parotid gland. A superficial parotidectomy includes removing the greater part of the organ superficial to the facial nerve, while a partial superficialparotidectomy includes expelling just the bit of the organ encompassing a tumor or mass. In an incomplete superficial parotidectomy, just some branches of the facial nerve are monitored, while in a formal superficial parotidectomy, the whole cervicofacial and temporofacial divisions are traced.

Salivary gland stone removal
Stones may form in one or more of the salivary glands due to aggregation of salts in the saliva. Once large they can block the flow of saliva and thus cause enlargement of the gland or recurrent infections. Sometimes these stones can be removed directly, or with the help of an endoscope (Sialendsocoscopy).

Branchial cyst and fistula
A branchial cyst is a developmental anomaly resulting in the formation of a cyst in the side of the neck. Surgery may be required if it is very large or to prevent repeated infections. With surgical extraction, complete excision is targeted. Frequently however, the tracts of the cysts may go close vital structures, for example, the internal jugular vein, or facial nerve, making complete extraction unrealistic.

Palatoplasty
This is a procedure carried out to shrink and stiffen the soft palate using a radiofrequency device. It is carried out for the treatment of snoring where the soft palate vibration is contributing. Any individual with any level of a congenital fissure is a possibility for palatoplasty. The methodology is typically performed on newborn children. The perfect age for the patient is in the vicinity of six and twelve months of age. In the event that the surgery is done much past three years old, discourse improvement may not be ideal. 80% of the time, advancement of the sense of taste and discourse is typical after just a single procedure.

Tongue Base Reduction
This is a method of reducing the bulk of the tongue base using radiofrequency to treat snoring or obstrcutive sleep apnoea where collpase of the tongue base is contributing. The Tongue Base Reduction procedure is conducted by specialist to gain best results. The procedure is very simple and less time consuming.

Expert clinical analysisforms an important part of the treatment of Head And Neck Surgery in India. Our teams has the expertise for Surgical treatment or conservative management for ailments, neoplasms, disfigurements orinfections of the ears, the respiratory and upper digestive system, the face and the other head and neck structures.

LASIK Eye Surgery In Delhi
Before you opt for LASIK, the most important thing is to be confident in the procedure. You should be comfortable with your surgeon. Get as much information as possible beforehand, as preparing for surgery can be quite overwhelming.

Here is the list of questions you should ask your surgeon while preparing for surgery during the consultation. You should not hesitate to ask other questions during the consultation. When you feel confident, comfortable, and ready to schedule for surgery, you will know you have found the right surgeon and place to get your LASIK

Am I A Perfect Candidate For Lasik Surgery?
Before undergoing LASIK, it is essential to evaluate if you can undergo LASIK surgery. LASIK is not for everyone. Your surgeon should be honest and open about that. Your LASIK surgeon will perform some tests and determine whether you are eligible for LASIK or not. Several conditions are considered while deciding eligibility, like having enough corneal thickness, not being pregnant, nursing, and not having corneal disease, autoimmune diseases, or severe dry eyes.

What Is The Experience And Prior Success Rates Of The Doctor Performing My Surgery?
You should be confident about the surgeon performing LASIK. LASIK centres have different surgeons to perform the surgery. While each surgeon has almost the similar qualifications they should achieve to perform LASIK, each surgeon’s experience varies. Therefore, you should check for the surgeon’s qualification, experience, training, and record track before committing to the treatment.

Does Lasik Provide Me Permanent Clear Vision?
LASIK permanently changes the corneal shape, which allows the better focus of the light on the retina. It may last permanently in some person till lifetime, whereas in some, it may last only some years and may need additional treatment down the line. Therefore, the duration varies from patient to patient. As with age, with other body parts, our eyes age too. As you get older, the symptoms may worsen as it does not prevent age-related eyesight degeneration.

What To Expect During The Surgery?
You should have a detailed overview and understanding of the LASIK procedure. Discuss the entire process from start to finish with your surgeon. Your surgeon will explain:

Step by step, each process
The time required for completing the process
Results you can expect
The time needed for healing after the surgery
Advantages and side effects
Precautions to be taken
What Are The Risks Of Lasik Surgery?
All surgeries have some risks associated with them. However, the risks associated with LASIK are generally mild which are:

Blurry and Hazy vision
Dry eyes
Infection in the eyes
They are treatable, and your surgeon will prescribe the eye drops for them.

The significant risk associated with LASIK is flap complications: flap wrinkling, flap breaking, displacing from its position, or debris trapped under the flap.

How Much Is The Cost Of Lasik Surgery?
The cost of LASIK is different at each LASIK centre. It is because the cost of LASIK depends on the centre where you are getting the treatment and the visual refractive correction needed for an eye.

Discuss the entire cost of the procedure with your surgeon. There should not be any extra hidden costs or fees for the surgeon, post-operative measures, or prescriptions.

How Much Time It Takes To Complete Lasik Surgery?
The actual surgery will take less than 15 minutes to complete. However, the laser is not used for more than 60 seconds on the eye.

Would I Feel Any Pain During The Lasik Surgery?
No, the surgeon uses the numbness drops in your eyes when performing the surgery. So there will be no pain at the time of surgery.

You may experience mild pain after completion of surgery once the numbness effects subside. The doctor will prescribe some medication and drops for pain.

How Would My Vision Changes After Lasik Surgery?
An experienced eye surgeon performs the surgery. It has an almost 95% of patient satisfaction rate. The safety and efficacy of this technique is high and many people don’t consider the second LASIK.

How Much Time Will It Take To Heal My Eyes After Lasik Surgery?
You will have a blurry or hazy vision for 4-5 hours and will see the results within the first 24 hours from the surgery. In weeks you will see significant results. You will have a stable vision in 3-4 months. The irritation and discomfort that you feel after the surgery may subside after few hours.

Eye Floaters, Spots Treatment In Ghatkopar
Both “Floaters” and flashes are a common sight for many people as web like structures. Floater is a combined term for the specks, threads, or cobweb-like images that occasionally drift across the line of vision. Flashes are tiny sparks or strands of light that flicker across the visual field. Both are usually harmless. But they can be a warning sign of trouble in the eye, especially when they suddenly appear or become more plentiful.

A floater is a tiny cluster of cells or fleck of protein lodged in the vitreous humor. This clear, stable gel, which looks like raw egg white, supports and fills the rear two-thirds of the eyeball. The vitreous provides a pathway for light coming into the eye through the lens. The vitreous gel connects to the retina, the patch of light-sensitive cells along the back of the eye that captures images and sends them to the brain via the optic nerve.

What you see isn’t actually the floater itself, but the shadow it casts onto the retina. Floaters move as your eyes move. They appear to zoom away when you try to look directly at them, and drift slowly when your eyes stop moving.

What do eye floaters look like?
It’s a common phenomenon and can be describes as different experience by everyone. Some people see spiders, medusas, amoebas or clouds. Sometimes it looks like the shape of the floater is guided somewhat by your own creativity. If you have floaters, you might see:

Small shadowy shapes.
Squiggly lines.
Spots.
Black or very dark spots
Spider-like shapes.
Thread-like strands.
What Are Flashes?
Compared to floaters, Flashes look like flashing lights or lightning streaks in your field of vision. Some people compare them to seeing “stars” after being hit on the head. You might see flashes on and off for weeks, or even months. Flashes happen when the vitreous rubs or pulls on your retina. As people age, it is common to see flashes occasionally.

What causes eye floaters?
It has been observed as age-related change in your vitreous is the cause of eye floaters. As your eyes get older, the vitreous jelly deteriorates: it becomes more liquid, starts to sag and pull away from the inside of your eyeball, and some of the former gel clumps. The shadows of these stringy bits are what you see.

In case of vitreous detachment from retina, floaters can be seen. The stimulation of the retina during this process will often cause flashes in the eye. The moment the vitreous pulls away from the head of your optic nerve, it can make a ring-shaped floater.

Rarely, this detachment will pull a bit of your retina with it. This retinal detachment leaks blood into your vitreous, which appears as a scatter of small dots and needs immediate attention from your eye doctor.

Bleeding and inflammation in the eye, from retinal tears, blood vessel problems or other injuries, tends to cause floaters in general. Floaters can also be small specks of protein and other material that was trapped in your eye as it was forming before birth.

How doctor finds out about the floaters?
A careful eye examination to rule out other eye infections and eye conditions is conducted. Past Medical and personal history along with a custom made questionnaire is used to arrive at final conclusion.

When was the first time you noticed eye floaters?
Do you see light flashes?
Are your symptoms continuous or occasional
Have you noticed any new floaters recently?
Do any activities seem to make your eye floaters better or worse?
Do you have diabetes or any other medical issues like high blood pressure?
What eye diseases are associated with eye floaters?
Diseases like diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinal tears and nearsightednesss shows abnormal eye floaters. They occur more commonly in people who have had trauma to the eyes, cataract surgery, laser surgery after cataract surgery. Granulomatous diseases like Tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and acute retinal necrosis of the eye are other inflammatory diseases that are associated with eye floaters. An unusual ocular condition called asteroid hyalosis is also a cause of eye floaters. Primary or secondary tumors in the eye, including lymphoma and leukemia, are associated with eye floaters, but these are extremely rare.

What are the risk factors for developing eye floaters?
With age, floaters formation increases, being nearsighted (myopic) is a risk factor for eye floaters occurring earlier in life. The process of vitreous syneresis is accelerated in eyes that are highly myopic, and posterior vitreous detachments occur at a younger age in people who are significantly nearsighted. Chronic disease like diabetes is a risk factor for the development of eye floaters that arise due to diabetic retinopathy. Eye injury is an additional risk factor.

Are eye floaters dangerous?
Eye floaters are harmless yet can be annoying and anxiety-provoking. The majority of eye floaters are caused by normal aging changes within the eye. However, if you suddenly notice appearance of eye floaters then it is always advised to get checked by an ophthalmologist to make certain that there is no associated eye abnormality or systemic disease that requires treatment. A sudden onset of many eye floaters or the onset of eye floaters associated with flashing lights could signify a retinal tear that requires treatment to prevent retinal detachment. A curtain or cloud in the vision or a loss of side vision could be a symptom of associated retinal detachment.

How to get rid of eye floaters?
Eye floaters and spots are harmless and merely distracting. Many will fade over time and become less bothersome. In most cases, no eye floaters treatment is required.

A large persistent floater can be very bothersome to some people, causing them to seek a way to get rid of eye floaters and spots drifting in their field of view.

Vitrectomy - The only treatment for eye floaters was an invasive surgical procedure called a vitrectomy. In this procedure, some or all of the vitreous is removed from the eye and is replaced with a sterile clear fluid. But the risks of a vitrectomy usually outweigh the benefits for eye floater treatment. These risks include surgically induced retinal detachment and serious eye infections. For these reasons, most eye surgeons do not recommend vitrectomy to treat eye floaters and spots.

For eye floaters that impair your vision, which is rare, you may consider the following treatment options in consultation with your ophthalmologist:

Laser treatment: Floaters in the vitreous can be break down by laser and are made less visible. Laser treatment has mixed results; some report improved treatment, others claim it made little or no difference. There is risk involved with the laser accidentally striking your retina. For this reason, laser treatment is used sparingly for floaters.
Important Reminder: This information is only intended to provide guidance, not a definitive medical advice. Please consult eye doctor about your specific condition. Only a trained, experienced board certified eye doctor can determine an accurate diagnosis and proper treatment.


To schedule an appointment with our experts for Eye Floaters and Spots treatment in Ghatkopar please call us at +91 8451045935, +91-8451045934 or visit our clinic at Address.


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